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Exam 3 > Osteoporosis > Flashcards

Osteoporosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most prevalent bone disease in the world?

A

Osteoporosis

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2
Q

How many osteoporotic fractures occur each year?

A

more than 1.5 million.

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3
Q

What is occurring due to osteoporosis?

A
  • Normal homeostatic bone turnover is altered.

- The rate of bone resorption is greater than the rate of bone formation resulting in loss of total bone mass.

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4
Q

What happens to a patients bones due to osteoporosis?

A

Bone becomes porous, brittle, and fragile and breaks easily under stress.

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5
Q

What types of fractures typically result from osteoporosis?

A
  • Compression fractures of the spine
  • Fractures of the neck
  • Fractures in the Intertrochanteric region of the femur
  • Colles’ fractures of the wrist
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6
Q

How many people does osteoporosis affect each year?

A

10 million

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7
Q

What percentage of patients affected by osteoporosis are women?

A

80%

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8
Q

Why is osteoporosis often called the silent disease?

A

Bone loss occurs without symptoms. The first sign may be a fracture due to weakened bones. A sudden strain or bump can break the bone.

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9
Q

What is remodeling?

A

A process where bone is constantly being broken down and rebuilt

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10
Q

True or false:

Bone is not a living tissue. Once it is fully built that is it.

A

False:

Bone is a living tissue- constantly being renewed.

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11
Q

The loss of living bone tissue does what?

A

It makes the bones fragile and more likely to fracture

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12
Q

If a women has osteoporosis her risk for hip fracture equals her combined risk for what?

A

Risk of breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer combined.

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13
Q

After a hip fracture- what percentage of patients need long-term care facilities after?

A

15-20%

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14
Q

What is the percentage of increased risk of death during the first year following a hip fracture?

A

20%

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15
Q

What genetic risk factors are there for osteoporosis?

A
  • Caucasian or Asian
  • Female
  • Family history
  • Small frame
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16
Q

Why do genetic risk factors of osteoporosis lead to osteoporosis?

A

Low bone mass

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17
Q

What age risk factors are there for osteoporosis?

A
  • Postmenopause
  • Advanced age
  • Low testosterone in men
  • Decreased calcitonin
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18
Q

Why do the age risk factors lead to osteoporosis?

A

Hormone inhibit bone loss

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19
Q

What are the nutrition risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Low calcium intake
  • Low Vitamin D intake
  • High phosphate intake (carbonated beverages)
  • Inadequate calories
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20
Q

Why do the nutrition risk factors for osteoporosis lead to osteoporosis?

A

-Reduces nutrients needed for bone remodeling

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21
Q

What are the physical exercise risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Sedentary
  • Lack of weight bearing exercise
  • Low weight and body mass index
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22
Q

Why can the physical exercise risk factors lead osteoporosis?

A

Bones need stress for bone maintenance

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23
Q

What are the lifestyle choices risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Caffeine
  • Alcohol
  • Smoking
  • Lack of exposure to sunlight
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24
Q

Why can the lifestyle risk factors lead to osteoporosis?

A

It reduces osteogenesis in bone remodeling

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25
Q

What are the medication risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Corticosteroids
  • Antiseizure meds
  • Heparin
  • Thyroid hormone
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26
Q

What are the comorbidity risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Malabsorption syndrome
  • Kidney failure
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27
Q

Why can the medications and comorbidity risk factors lead to osteoporosis?

A

They affect calcium absorption and metabolism

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28
Q

After menopause what happens to the bones?

A

Bone removal accelerates due to decrease in estrogen.

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29
Q

What are the four risk factors that can be controlled in terms of osteoporosis?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Eating disorders
  • Smoking
  • Immobility
30
Q

How is alcohol use associated with osteoporosis?

A

Consuming more than one alcoholic drink per day is associated with risk of low bone mass

31
Q

How is eating disorders associated with osteoporosis?

A

Anorexia nervosa or bulimia can lead to malnutrition and bone loss

32
Q

How is smoking associated with osteoporosis?

A

It causes lower bone density

33
Q

How is immobility associated with osteoporosis?

A

Extreme lack of exercise can lead to bone loss

34
Q

What are the four clinical manifestations of osteoporosis?

A
  • Loss of height
  • Progressive curvature of the spine
  • Low back pain
  • Fractures of the forearm, spine, hip
35
Q

A patient has osteoporosis- after 15 years post menopause what is the average height they would lose?

A

1.5”

36
Q

A patient has osteoporosis- after 25 years post menopause what is the average height they would lose?

A

3.5”

37
Q

What are the four ways to prevent osteoporosis?

A
  • A balanced diet high in calcium and vitamin D throughout life
  • Use of calcium supplements to ensure adequate calcium intake
  • Regular weight bearing exercises
  • Weight training that stimulates bone mineral density
38
Q

What does BMD stand for?

A

Bone mineral density

39
Q

What should you take calcium supplements with?

A

Vitamin C in divided doses

40
Q

What is a suggested weight bearing exercise for a patient with osteoporosis?

A

Walking

41
Q

To what age are you able to build your bone bank?

A

30

42
Q

What are the four steps to building healthy bones?

A
  • Calcium and vitamin D
  • Limit caffeine and alcohol
  • Exercise
  • Don’t smoke
43
Q

What are the four diagnostic tests for osteoporosis?

A
  • Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
  • Alkaline phosphatase
  • Heel quantitative ultrasound
  • World Health Organization Absolute Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX) algorithm
44
Q

What are the collaborations needed to diagnosis and treatment for a patient with osteoporosis?

A
  • Diagnostic testing
  • Physical therapy
  • Dietary management
  • Pharmacologic therapy
45
Q

What are the three pharmacologic agents used to treat osteoporosis?

A
  • Calcium supplements
  • Hormonal agents
  • Bisphosphonates
46
Q

What are the two hormonal agents used to treat osteoporosis?

A

Calcitonin and Raloxifene hydrochloride

47
Q

How many milligrams a day should a person 9-18 years old have of calcium?

A

1300 mg/day

48
Q

How many milligrams a day should a person 10-50 years old have of calcium?

A

1000 mg/day

49
Q

A female over the age of 50 and a male over the age of 70 should have how many milligrams of calcium a day?

A

1200 mg/day

50
Q

How many milligrams of calcium is in 1 oz of cream cheese?

A

20 mg

51
Q

How many milligrams is in 1 hard boiled egg?

A

30 mg

52
Q

How many milligrams of calcium is in 1/2 cup of cooked broccoli?

A

40 mg

53
Q

How many milligrams of calcium is in 1/2 cup of cottage cheese?

A

205 mg

54
Q

How many milligrams of calcium is in 6 oz of calcium-fortified orange juice?

A

250 mg

55
Q

How many milligrams of calcium is in 1 cup of milk?

A

300 mg

56
Q

How many milligrams of calcium is in 1 cup of fruit yogurt?

A

345 mg

57
Q

How many milligrams of calcium is in 3 oz of sardines with bones?

A

370 mg

58
Q

How many milligrams of calcium is in 8 oz of vegetable lasagna?

A

450 mg

59
Q

What is necessary for calcium to be absorbed?

A

Vitamin D

60
Q

How much vitamin D is in a cup of milk?

A

100 IU

61
Q

How much vitamin D is in a multivitamin or calcium tablets?

A

400 IU daily- don’t exceed 800 IU daily

62
Q

What 6 things do you need to ask during your nursing assessment to assess the patients risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Occurence of osteopenia and osteoporosis
  • Previous fractures
  • Dietary consumption of calcium
  • Exercise patterns
  • Onset of menopause
  • Use of corticosteroids, alcohol, smoking, and caffeine.
63
Q

How many minutes a day should a patient with osteoporosis participate in weight-bearing exercise?

A

30 minutes per day

64
Q

How many minutes should children participate in weight-bearing exercise?

A

60 minutes per day

65
Q

How often should you check a patients bone density if they have osteoporosis?

A

Every other year

66
Q

What should you make sure a patient get sufficient amounts of if they have osteoporosis?

A

Nutrition, calcium, and vitamin D

67
Q

What should a patient who has osteoporosis do to their home and work environments if they are at high risk for injury?

A

They need to modify though environments so they can reduce injury.

68
Q

What are the 7 weight-bearing exercising that a patient who has osteoporosis should do?

A
  • Walking
  • Dancing
  • Tennis
  • Jump Rope
  • Volleyball
  • Skating
  • Weight lifting
69
Q

The acronym ACCESS stands for the risk factors that leads to osteoporosis. What does ACCESS stand for?

A 
A- alcohol use
C- corticosteroid use
C- calcium low
E- estrogen low
S- smoking
S- sedentary lifestyle
70
Q

What is Dorsal Kyphosis

A

An over arching of the top part of a patients spine making a hump

71
Q

What is cervical Lordosis?

A

An S shape spine

-The spine goes inward

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