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Osteoporosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most prevalent bone disease in the world?

A

Osteoporosis

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2
Q

How many osteoporotic fractures occur each year?

A

more than 1.5 million.

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3
Q

What is occurring due to osteoporosis?

A
  • Normal homeostatic bone turnover is altered.

- The rate of bone resorption is greater than the rate of bone formation resulting in loss of total bone mass.

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4
Q

What happens to a patients bones due to osteoporosis?

A

Bone becomes porous, brittle, and fragile and breaks easily under stress.

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5
Q

What types of fractures typically result from osteoporosis?

A
  • Compression fractures of the spine
  • Fractures of the neck
  • Fractures in the Intertrochanteric region of the femur
  • Colles’ fractures of the wrist
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6
Q

How many people does osteoporosis affect each year?

A

10 million

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7
Q

What percentage of patients affected by osteoporosis are women?

A

80%

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8
Q

Why is osteoporosis often called the silent disease?

A

Bone loss occurs without symptoms. The first sign may be a fracture due to weakened bones. A sudden strain or bump can break the bone.

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9
Q

What is remodeling?

A

A process where bone is constantly being broken down and rebuilt

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10
Q

True or false:

Bone is not a living tissue. Once it is fully built that is it.

A

False:

Bone is a living tissue- constantly being renewed.

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11
Q

The loss of living bone tissue does what?

A

It makes the bones fragile and more likely to fracture

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12
Q

If a women has osteoporosis her risk for hip fracture equals her combined risk for what?

A

Risk of breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer combined.

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13
Q

After a hip fracture- what percentage of patients need long-term care facilities after?

A

15-20%

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14
Q

What is the percentage of increased risk of death during the first year following a hip fracture?

A

20%

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15
Q

What genetic risk factors are there for osteoporosis?

A
  • Caucasian or Asian
  • Female
  • Family history
  • Small frame
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16
Q

Why do genetic risk factors of osteoporosis lead to osteoporosis?

A

Low bone mass

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17
Q

What age risk factors are there for osteoporosis?

A
  • Postmenopause
  • Advanced age
  • Low testosterone in men
  • Decreased calcitonin
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18
Q

Why do the age risk factors lead to osteoporosis?

A

Hormone inhibit bone loss

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19
Q

What are the nutrition risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Low calcium intake
  • Low Vitamin D intake
  • High phosphate intake (carbonated beverages)
  • Inadequate calories
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20
Q

Why do the nutrition risk factors for osteoporosis lead to osteoporosis?

A

-Reduces nutrients needed for bone remodeling

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21
Q

What are the physical exercise risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Sedentary
  • Lack of weight bearing exercise
  • Low weight and body mass index
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22
Q

Why can the physical exercise risk factors lead osteoporosis?

A

Bones need stress for bone maintenance

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23
Q

What are the lifestyle choices risk factors for osteoporosis?

A
  • Caffeine
  • Alcohol
  • Smoking
  • Lack of exposure to sunlight
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24
Q

Why can the lifestyle risk factors lead to osteoporosis?

A

It reduces osteogenesis in bone remodeling

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25
What are the medication risk factors for osteoporosis?
- Corticosteroids - Antiseizure meds - Heparin - Thyroid hormone
26
What are the comorbidity risk factors for osteoporosis?
- Anorexia nervosa - Hyperthyroidism - Malabsorption syndrome - Kidney failure
27
Why can the medications and comorbidity risk factors lead to osteoporosis?
They affect calcium absorption and metabolism
28
After menopause what happens to the bones?
Bone removal accelerates due to decrease in estrogen.
29
What are the four risk factors that can be controlled in terms of osteoporosis?
- Alcohol - Eating disorders - Smoking - Immobility
30
How is alcohol use associated with osteoporosis?
Consuming more than one alcoholic drink per day is associated with risk of low bone mass
31
How is eating disorders associated with osteoporosis?
Anorexia nervosa or bulimia can lead to malnutrition and bone loss
32
How is smoking associated with osteoporosis?
It causes lower bone density
33
How is immobility associated with osteoporosis?
Extreme lack of exercise can lead to bone loss
34
What are the four clinical manifestations of osteoporosis?
- Loss of height - Progressive curvature of the spine - Low back pain - Fractures of the forearm, spine, hip
35
A patient has osteoporosis- after 15 years post menopause what is the average height they would lose?
1.5"
36
A patient has osteoporosis- after 25 years post menopause what is the average height they would lose?
3.5"
37
What are the four ways to prevent osteoporosis?
- A balanced diet high in calcium and vitamin D throughout life - Use of calcium supplements to ensure adequate calcium intake - Regular weight bearing exercises - Weight training that stimulates bone mineral density
38
What does BMD stand for?
Bone mineral density
39
What should you take calcium supplements with?
Vitamin C in divided doses
40
What is a suggested weight bearing exercise for a patient with osteoporosis?
Walking
41
To what age are you able to build your bone bank?
30
42
What are the four steps to building healthy bones?
- Calcium and vitamin D - Limit caffeine and alcohol - Exercise - Don't smoke
43
What are the four diagnostic tests for osteoporosis?
- Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry - Alkaline phosphatase - Heel quantitative ultrasound - World Health Organization Absolute Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX) algorithm
44
What are the collaborations needed to diagnosis and treatment for a patient with osteoporosis?
- Diagnostic testing - Physical therapy - Dietary management - Pharmacologic therapy
45
What are the three pharmacologic agents used to treat osteoporosis?
- Calcium supplements - Hormonal agents - Bisphosphonates
46
What are the two hormonal agents used to treat osteoporosis?
Calcitonin and Raloxifene hydrochloride
47
How many milligrams a day should a person 9-18 years old have of calcium?
1300 mg/day
48
How many milligrams a day should a person 10-50 years old have of calcium?
1000 mg/day
49
A female over the age of 50 and a male over the age of 70 should have how many milligrams of calcium a day?
1200 mg/day
50
How many milligrams of calcium is in 1 oz of cream cheese?
20 mg
51
How many milligrams is in 1 hard boiled egg?
30 mg
52
How many milligrams of calcium is in 1/2 cup of cooked broccoli?
40 mg
53
How many milligrams of calcium is in 1/2 cup of cottage cheese?
205 mg
54
How many milligrams of calcium is in 6 oz of calcium-fortified orange juice?
250 mg
55
How many milligrams of calcium is in 1 cup of milk?
300 mg
56
How many milligrams of calcium is in 1 cup of fruit yogurt?
345 mg
57
How many milligrams of calcium is in 3 oz of sardines with bones?
370 mg
58
How many milligrams of calcium is in 8 oz of vegetable lasagna?
450 mg
59
What is necessary for calcium to be absorbed?
Vitamin D
60
How much vitamin D is in a cup of milk?
100 IU
61
How much vitamin D is in a multivitamin or calcium tablets?
400 IU daily- don't exceed 800 IU daily
62
What 6 things do you need to ask during your nursing assessment to assess the patients risk factors for osteoporosis?
- Occurence of osteopenia and osteoporosis - Previous fractures - Dietary consumption of calcium - Exercise patterns - Onset of menopause - Use of corticosteroids, alcohol, smoking, and caffeine.
63
How many minutes a day should a patient with osteoporosis participate in weight-bearing exercise?
30 minutes per day
64
How many minutes should children participate in weight-bearing exercise?
60 minutes per day
65
How often should you check a patients bone density if they have osteoporosis?
Every other year
66
What should you make sure a patient get sufficient amounts of if they have osteoporosis?
Nutrition, calcium, and vitamin D
67
What should a patient who has osteoporosis do to their home and work environments if they are at high risk for injury?
They need to modify though environments so they can reduce injury.
68
What are the 7 weight-bearing exercising that a patient who has osteoporosis should do?
- Walking - Dancing - Tennis - Jump Rope - Volleyball - Skating - Weight lifting
69
The acronym ACCESS stands for the risk factors that leads to osteoporosis. What does ACCESS stand for?
``` A- alcohol use C- corticosteroid use C- calcium low E- estrogen low S- smoking S- sedentary lifestyle ```
70
What is Dorsal Kyphosis
An over arching of the top part of a patients spine making a hump
71
What is cervical Lordosis?
An S shape spine | -The spine goes inward

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