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Exam 3 > Acute and Chronic Pain > Flashcards

Acute and Chronic Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common reason for seeking health care?

A

Pain

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2
Q

What is the fifth vital sign

A

Pain

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3
Q

How is pain described?

A

An unpleasant sensory, emotional experience with actual or potential tissue damage.

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4
Q

What are the two types of nociceptive (physiologic) pain?

A

Somatic and visceral

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5
Q

How is somatic pain described?

A

Muscle, skin, tissue pain

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6
Q

How is visceral pain described?

A

Thoracic and pelvic pain

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7
Q

How is Neuropathic (pathophysiologic) pain described?

A

Abnormal nerve sensory due to nerves misfiring.

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8
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

Initiate inflammatory response

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9
Q

What do endorphins and enkephalins do?

A

They suppress pain reception

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10
Q

True or False:

Endorphins represent the same mechanism of pain relief as a nonnarcotic analgesic.

A

False:

IT is the same as morphine

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11
Q

What are the factors that influence pain response?

A
  • Past experience
  • Anxiety, depression
  • Other physiological impairments
  • Culture
  • Support system
  • Age
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12
Q

What are the five things that result if a child has untreated pain?

A
  • Decreased growth and development
  • Decreased immune function
  • Lack of appetite
  • Hypertension
  • Increased sensitivity to future pain
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13
Q

What is the best indicator that a child is in pain?

A

A change in behavior

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14
Q

What happens to children and behavioral responses to pain as they age?

A

They have a more controlled response

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15
Q

What are the barriers to pediatric pain management?

A
  • Inadequate pain assessment

- Misconceptions about pain in infants and children.

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16
Q

In terms of pain what is wide spread among adults?

A

Chronic pain

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17
Q

Why is pain more prevalent among women than men?

A

Women are more likely to develop pain causing diseases and they have lowered pain thresholds and tolerance.

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18
Q

What are men more susceptible to pain from?

A
  • Cluster headaches
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Gout
  • Duodenal ulcer
  • Pancreatic disease
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19
Q

What are the barriers in pain management in older adults?

A
  • Inadequate knowledge of healthcare providers
  • Fear of pain medication dependence
  • Noncompliance: financial barriers
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20
Q

What are the four types of pain?

A
  • Acute
  • Chronic
  • Mixed
  • Referred
21
Q

How is acute pain described?

A

Quick onset with a short duration

22
Q

How is mixed pain described?

A

Chronic pain with acute exacerbation

23
Q

Acute pain can affect what?

A
  • Respiratory
  • Cardiovascular
  • Endocrine
  • Immune systems
24
Q

Acute pain increases stress response manifesting in what symptoms?

A
  • Metabolic rate
  • Cardiac output
  • Increased Respiration rate
  • Increased Heart Rate
  • Increased Blood pressure
  • Sweating
  • Anxiety
  • Dilated pupils
25
Q

If a patient has chronic pain how long does it need to last to be categorized as chronic pain?

A

more than 6 months

26
Q

What are the four things that result due to chronic pain?

A
  • Physiological adaptation of autonomic responses
  • Depression
  • Increased disability
  • Suppression of immune function
27
Q

What are the different characteristics of pain that you need to document?

A
  • Intensity
  • Onset/Duration
  • Location
  • Quality
  • Radiation
  • Aggravating and alleviating factors
28
Q

What are some descriptive words used for quality of pain?

A

Dull
Throbbing
Cramping
Stabbing

29
Q 
The RN asks a patient to described the quality of pain. Which of the following is a descriptive term for the quality of pain?
A. Burning
B. Chronic
C. Intermittent
D. Severe
A

A. Burning

30
Q

What are the three steps of pain management determined by the World Health Organization?

A
  1. Treatment of mild pain
  2. Treatment of persistent moderate pain
  3. Treatment of persistent severe pain
31
Q

According to the World Health Organization. What is the first step in treating pain and what do you give?

A

Step 1 is mild pain and that is treated with nonopioid analgesic

32
Q

According to the World Health Organization. What is the second step in treating pain and what do you give?

A

Step 2 is persistent moderate pain that is treated with a weak opioid or combination of opioid and a nonopioid

33
Q

According to the World Health Organization. What is the thirst step in treating pain and what do you give?

A

Step 3 is persistent severe pain that is treated with a strong opioid administered around the clock until the pain is relieved.

34
Q

Where do opioid analgesics act on in the body and what does it do?

A

On the CNS to inhibit activity of ascending nociceptive pathways.

35
Q

How do NSAIDs decrease pain?

A

They decrease pain by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase.

36
Q

What is cyclo-oxygenase?

A

An enzyme involved in production of prostaglandin.

37
Q

How is the maximum safe opioid dose determined?

A

It is based on the individual

38
Q

When does tolerance of opioid develop?

A

When a patient takes opioids for prolonged periods of time.

39
Q

If a patient has a tolerance to opioid medications how does that effect their pain?

A

They need more medication to get the same pain relief

40
Q

How is addiction described?

A

A behavioral pattern characterized by need to take drugs for psychic effects

41
Q

What are the nonpharmacologic interventions that you can do to treat pain?

A
  • Cutaneous stimulation: massage
  • Thermal therapies
  • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
  • Distraction
  • Relaxation techniques
  • Guided imagery
  • Hypnosis
  • Music therapy
42
Q

What are the different pain relief interventions?

A
  • Balanced anesthesia
  • PRN medications
  • Routine administration
  • PCA pumps
  • Local anesthetics
  • Topicals and patches
  • Intraspinal administrations
43
Q

What is a PCA pump?

A

A patient controlled analgesic pump

44
Q

What are the side effects of opioids?

A
  • Respiratory depression
  • Sedation
  • Constimation
  • Urinary retention
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Pruritus
  • Sexual dysfunciton
45
Q

What are coanalgesics effective at reducing?

A

Neuropathic pain and pain medication side effects

46
Q

What are the classes of coanalgesics?

A
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Antihypertensives
  • Antipruritics
  • Corticosteriods
  • Local anesthetics
47
Q

The RN is reviewing a postoperative patient’s orders for opioid analgesia. What pharmacologic intervention should the RN ensure is ordered to prevent a common complication with opioid analgesia?
A. Benzodiazepine antagonist
B. Stool softener
C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
D. Antidepressant

A

B. Stool softener

48
Q

In terms of pain- what should the nurse observe and document?

A

Verbal and nonverbal signs of pain and discomfort

49
Q

A client indicated an intensity of 8 on the 0-10 pain scale. The best action for the nurse to take is which of the following?

  1. Check back in 30 minutes to see whether the pain has changed.
  2. Give pain medication.
  3. Further assess pain to determine the best intervention.
  4. Do nothing because the pain is at a tolerable level.
A
  1. Give pain medication

Exam 3 (8 decks)

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