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Exam 3 > Pneumonia and Influenze > Flashcards

Pneumonia and Influenze Flashcards

1
Q

How is pneumonia described?

A

Inflammation of lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms.

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2
Q

Where do organisms colonize in the lungs and cause pneumonia?

A

In the alveoli

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3
Q

What are the four types of pneumonia we need to know?

A
  • Community acquired
  • Health care associated
  • Hospital acquired
  • Aspiration
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4
Q

Which age groups are at a high risk for pneumonia?

A

Very young and very old

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5
Q

Diminished gag and cough reflexes are risk factors for what?

A

Pneumonia

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6
Q

Medications that suppress respirations, immobility/supine positioning, decreased activity and shallow breathing are all risk factors of what?

A

Pneumonia

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7
Q

Why do children need to have special consideration in terms of pneumonia?

A

Because they have shorter and narrower airways.

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8
Q

What is wrong with the trachea in children that can increase their risk for pneumonia?

A

The cartilage supporting the trachea is more flexible and more potential to compress the airway

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9
Q

What considerations need to be made in terms of pneumonia for infants?

A

They only have about 25 million alveoli and that alveoli is immature.

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10
Q

True or false:

Pneumonia in children last much longer than in older adults.

A

False:

Children bounce back quicker.

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11
Q

What do children under 6 use to breathe?

A

Their diaphragm

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12
Q

Constant diaphragm breathing leads to what?

A

Retractions

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13
Q

Is oxygen consumption higher or lower in children?

A

Higher

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14
Q

Adults or children become hypoxic more quickly and why?

A

Children because they have a much higher oxygen consumption

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15
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of pneumonia in children?

A
  • Fever
  • Tachypnea
  • Rhonchi
  • Wheezes
  • Cough
  • Nasal flaring
  • Restlessness
  • Malaise
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16
Q

What are the considerations for older adults when referring to pneumonia?

A
  • Number of cilia decreases
  • Gag and cough reflexes diminish
  • Greater risk for dehydration
  • Immune function declines
  • Decreased mobility
  • Comorbidities
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17
Q

Where is the pneumonia infection?

A

In the lower respiratory tract

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18
Q

What are the local effects of pneumonia?

A
  • Cough
  • Excessive mucus/sputum production
  • Dyspnea
  • Crackles
  • Wheezes
  • Hemoptysis
  • Chest pain
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19
Q

What are the systemic effects of pneumonia?

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Anorexia
  • Fatigue
  • Malaise
  • Cyanosis
  • Bacteremia
  • Confusion: in elderly
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20
Q

Why would you need to do a chest X-ray in a patient suspected to have pneumonia?

A

To see what kind of pneumonia they have and its location

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21
Q

Why would you do a sputum culture with sensitivity in patients with suspected pneumonia?

A

To see what microorganism caused the pneumonia and what antibiotics could cure it.

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22
Q

What supportive treatments should be done in a patient with pneumonia?

A
  • Administration of fluids
  • Oxygen for hypoxia
  • Antipyretics
  • Antitussives
  • Expectorants
  • Rest
  • Nutrition
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23
Q

If a patient has viral pneumonia what is the treatment?

A
  • No antibiotics

- All supportive

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24
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

Fluid collection in the pleural space usually secondary to pneumonia

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25
What is the treatment of a pleural effusion?
A thoracentesis with analysis of the fluid
26
What occurs due to large pleural effusions?
It impaired lung expansion causing dyspnea
27
What is empyema?
An accumulation of thick purulent fluid in pleural spaces
28
How is empyema treated?
With a chest tube and long term antibiotics
29
What class does Guaifenesin belong to?
Expectorants
30
What is the actions of Guaifenesin?
- Reduces viscosity of secretions - Increases sputum volume - Makes it easier to cough out secretions
31
What is the indications for Guaifenesin?
Symptomatic relief of respiratory conditions characterized by a dry, non-productive cough in the presence of mucus in the respiratory tract
32
What are the pharmacokinetics for Guaifenesin?
They are unknown
33
What are the contraindications for Guaifenesin?
Pregnancy and lactation
34
What are the adverse effects of Guaifenesin?
- Nausea, vomiting, anorexia - Headache, dizziness - Prolonged use may result in masking a serious underlying disorder.
35
What is the route of Guaifenesin?
Oral
36
What is the onset of Guaifenesin?
30 minutes
37
What is the peak of Guaifenesin?
Unknown
38
What is the duration of Guaifenesin?
4-6h
39
What should the nurse auscultate if a patient has pneumonia?
Auscultate all lobes, note any changes in air change or chest excursion
40
What should the nurse monitor for if a patient has pneumonia?
- Tachypnea - Changes in mental status - Fatigue - Edema - Dehydration - Concomitant heart failure
41
What should the nurse note in terms of sputum in a patient with pneumonia?
-Secretions, the color and thickness, and the cough associated with it.
42
What vital signs should the nurse specifically monitor in a patient with pneumonia?
ALL vital signs, pulse ox, and ABGs
43
What is the main prevention of pneumonia?
HAND HYGIENE
44
To prevent aspiration -pneumonia what should you do to their fluids if the patient has swallowing problems?
Thicken their fluids and raise the head of the bed
45
What are the way to prevent a spreading of pneumonia?
- Identify vulnerable populations - Early identification of infecting organism - Get vaccines - Facilitate mobility
46
What nursing diagnoses belong to a patient who has pneumonia?
- Ineffective airway clearance - Fatigue and Activity intolerance - Risk for fluid volume deficit - Imbalanced nutrition - Knowledge deficit
47
What improvement goal should a nurse have for a patient with pneumonia?
Improved airway patency
48
What should be increased in a patient who has pneumonia?
Their activity
49
What two things should a nurse maintain in a patient who has pneumonia?
- Proper fluid volume | - Adequate nutrition
50
What should a nurse do to the oxygen when administering it to a patient who has pneumonia?
Add humidification to loosen secretions
51
What types of interventions can a nurse implement to improve a patients airway if they have pneumonia?
- Coughing techniques - Chest physiotherapy - Incentive spirometry - Position changes - Oxygen admin
52
What types of interventions that don't have to do with airway can a nurse implement in a patient who has pneumonia?
- Maintain nutrition - Hydration - Promote Rest - Activity as tolerated - Patient teaching - Self care
53
What two types of medications can a nurse administer to help a patient with pneumonia?
Antipyretics and antitussives (expectorants)
54
Where does the flu infect?
The respiratory epithelium
55
How long is the incubation period for influenza?
Short
56
What type of disease is the flu and how contagious is it?
It is a viral respiratory disease and it is highly contagious.
57
If a patient has the flu what are they at increased risk for?
- Secondary bacterial infections | - Increased risk for pneumonia
58
How is the flu transmitted?
By droplet and direct contact with droplet
59
What types of influenza is there?
Type A,B,C
60
What are types A and B influenza viruses responsible for?
For most infections and epidemic mostly during winter months
61
What do type C influenza viruses cause?
Mild respiratory infections or no illnesses at all.
62
Who are at risk for the flu?
- Infants - Young children - Over age 50 - Residents of LTC - Pregnant women - Immunocompromised - Chronic comorbidities - Health care providers
63
What is the main way to prevent the flu?
Getting vaccinated
64
Who is recommended to receive the flu vaccine?
Everyone 6 months or older
65
What does the flu vaccine contain?
Egg protein
66
How is the live attenuate flu vaccine administered?
By intranasal spray
67
True or False: | Severe reactions to the flu are common.
False: | They are rare.
68
What are the abrupt onset symptoms of the flu?>
- Fever - Cough - Sore throat - Chills - Headadche - Fatigue - Dry mouth - Nasal congestion
69
What symptoms do the elderly present with if they have the flu?
- Fever - Fatigue - Confusion
70
What do the elderly NOT show symptoms of if they have the flu?
NO respiratory symptoms
71
When do acute symptoms subside if a patient has the flu?
2-3 days
72
How long does a fever typically last if a patient has the flu?
may last a week
73
How long does fatigue, weakness, and cough last if a patient has the flu?
May last several weeks.
74
Who are more likely to develop complications of the flu?
The very young and very old
75
What types of complications can develop from the flu?
- Viral or bacterial pneumonia - Myositis - Reye syndrome
76
Which age class is likely to develop Reye syndrome as complication of the flu?
The young
77
What two questions should you make sure you as if you suspect a patient has the flu?
Recent travel and interaction with infected animals
78
What types of swabs need to be done to diagnose a patient with the flu?
Nasal, throat, or nasopharyngeal swabs
79
What is the antiviral drug that can help a patient with the flu who never received a vaccine?
Oseltamivir
80
What is Oseltamivir?
An antiviral drug that is a treatment and prophylaxis in people exposed but not vaccinated for the flu
81
What class does Dextromethorphan belong to?
Antitussive
82
What does Dextromethorphan do?
It is an over the counter analgesic that provides relief of fever and muscle ache
83
What is the indication that a patient needs to take Dextromethorphan?
They need to suppress a nonproductive cough
84
Where does Dextromethorphan work in the body?
It acts directly on the cough center of the medulla
85
What is the contraindication or caution for a patient taking Dextromethorphan?
- Head injury - Alcoholism - COPD/asthma - Hepatic or renal disease - Pregnancy and lactation
86
What age can patients not take Dextromethorphan?
Any patient less than 2 years old.
87
What are the adverse effects of Dextromethorphan?
- Increased viscosity of secretions - Constipation - Drowsiness - Sedation - Nausea, vomiting
88
What interacts with Dextromethorphan?
- Alcohol - Other CNS depressants - MAOId
89
Why should you take Dextromethorphan with food?
To decrease GI distress
90
How would you instruct patient's and visitors to control secretions if the patient has the flu?
- To use tissues - To keep a distance of at least 6 feet from others - Use droplet precautions
91
What class types of medications could you administer to a patient with the flu?
- Antipyretic - Analgesic - Antitussives
92
What are the five nursing interventions for a patient with the flu?
- Assist the client to maintain adequate hydration and nutrition - Increase humidity of inspired air with a bedside humidifier - Teach effective coughing techniques, hygiene - Pace activities to provide for periods of rest - Elevate head of bed

Exam 3 (8 decks)

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