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Exam 3 > Pneumonia and Influenze > Flashcards

Pneumonia and Influenze Flashcards

1
Q

How is pneumonia described?

A

Inflammation of lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms.

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2
Q

Where do organisms colonize in the lungs and cause pneumonia?

A

In the alveoli

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3
Q

What are the four types of pneumonia we need to know?

A
  • Community acquired
  • Health care associated
  • Hospital acquired
  • Aspiration
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4
Q

Which age groups are at a high risk for pneumonia?

A

Very young and very old

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5
Q

Diminished gag and cough reflexes are risk factors for what?

A

Pneumonia

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6
Q

Medications that suppress respirations, immobility/supine positioning, decreased activity and shallow breathing are all risk factors of what?

A

Pneumonia

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7
Q

Why do children need to have special consideration in terms of pneumonia?

A

Because they have shorter and narrower airways.

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8
Q

What is wrong with the trachea in children that can increase their risk for pneumonia?

A

The cartilage supporting the trachea is more flexible and more potential to compress the airway

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9
Q

What considerations need to be made in terms of pneumonia for infants?

A

They only have about 25 million alveoli and that alveoli is immature.

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10
Q

True or false:

Pneumonia in children last much longer than in older adults.

A

False:

Children bounce back quicker.

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11
Q

What do children under 6 use to breathe?

A

Their diaphragm

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12
Q

Constant diaphragm breathing leads to what?

A

Retractions

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13
Q

Is oxygen consumption higher or lower in children?

A

Higher

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14
Q

Adults or children become hypoxic more quickly and why?

A

Children because they have a much higher oxygen consumption

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15
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of pneumonia in children?

A
  • Fever
  • Tachypnea
  • Rhonchi
  • Wheezes
  • Cough
  • Nasal flaring
  • Restlessness
  • Malaise
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16
Q

What are the considerations for older adults when referring to pneumonia?

A
  • Number of cilia decreases
  • Gag and cough reflexes diminish
  • Greater risk for dehydration
  • Immune function declines
  • Decreased mobility
  • Comorbidities
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17
Q

Where is the pneumonia infection?

A

In the lower respiratory tract

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18
Q

What are the local effects of pneumonia?

A
  • Cough
  • Excessive mucus/sputum production
  • Dyspnea
  • Crackles
  • Wheezes
  • Hemoptysis
  • Chest pain
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19
Q

What are the systemic effects of pneumonia?

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Anorexia
  • Fatigue
  • Malaise
  • Cyanosis
  • Bacteremia
  • Confusion: in elderly
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20
Q

Why would you need to do a chest X-ray in a patient suspected to have pneumonia?

A

To see what kind of pneumonia they have and its location

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21
Q

Why would you do a sputum culture with sensitivity in patients with suspected pneumonia?

A

To see what microorganism caused the pneumonia and what antibiotics could cure it.

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22
Q

What supportive treatments should be done in a patient with pneumonia?

A
  • Administration of fluids
  • Oxygen for hypoxia
  • Antipyretics
  • Antitussives
  • Expectorants
  • Rest
  • Nutrition
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23
Q

If a patient has viral pneumonia what is the treatment?

A
  • No antibiotics

- All supportive

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24
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

Fluid collection in the pleural space usually secondary to pneumonia

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25
Q

What is the treatment of a pleural effusion?

A

A thoracentesis with analysis of the fluid

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26
Q

What occurs due to large pleural effusions?

A

It impaired lung expansion causing dyspnea

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27
Q

What is empyema?

A

An accumulation of thick purulent fluid in pleural spaces

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28
Q

How is empyema treated?

A

With a chest tube and long term antibiotics

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29
Q

What class does Guaifenesin belong to?

A

Expectorants

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30
Q

What is the actions of Guaifenesin?

A
  • Reduces viscosity of secretions
  • Increases sputum volume
  • Makes it easier to cough out secretions
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31
Q

What is the indications for Guaifenesin?

A

Symptomatic relief of respiratory conditions characterized by a dry, non-productive cough in the presence of mucus in the respiratory tract

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32
Q

What are the pharmacokinetics for Guaifenesin?

A

They are unknown

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33
Q

What are the contraindications for Guaifenesin?

A

Pregnancy and lactation

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34
Q

What are the adverse effects of Guaifenesin?

A
  • Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
  • Headache, dizziness
  • Prolonged use may result in masking a serious underlying disorder.
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35
Q

What is the route of Guaifenesin?

A

Oral

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36
Q

What is the onset of Guaifenesin?

A

30 minutes

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37
Q

What is the peak of Guaifenesin?

A

Unknown

38
Q

What is the duration of Guaifenesin?

A

4-6h

39
Q

What should the nurse auscultate if a patient has pneumonia?

A

Auscultate all lobes, note any changes in air change or chest excursion

40
Q

What should the nurse monitor for if a patient has pneumonia?

A
  • Tachypnea
  • Changes in mental status
  • Fatigue
  • Edema
  • Dehydration
  • Concomitant heart failure
41
Q

What should the nurse note in terms of sputum in a patient with pneumonia?

A

-Secretions, the color and thickness, and the cough associated with it.

42
Q

What vital signs should the nurse specifically monitor in a patient with pneumonia?

A

ALL vital signs, pulse ox, and ABGs

43
Q

What is the main prevention of pneumonia?

A

HAND HYGIENE

44
Q

To prevent aspiration -pneumonia what should you do to their fluids if the patient has swallowing problems?

A

Thicken their fluids and raise the head of the bed

45
Q

What are the way to prevent a spreading of pneumonia?

A
  • Identify vulnerable populations
  • Early identification of infecting organism
  • Get vaccines
  • Facilitate mobility
46
Q

What nursing diagnoses belong to a patient who has pneumonia?

A
  • Ineffective airway clearance
  • Fatigue and Activity intolerance
  • Risk for fluid volume deficit
  • Imbalanced nutrition
  • Knowledge deficit
47
Q

What improvement goal should a nurse have for a patient with pneumonia?

A

Improved airway patency

48
Q

What should be increased in a patient who has pneumonia?

A

Their activity

49
Q

What two things should a nurse maintain in a patient who has pneumonia?

A
  • Proper fluid volume

- Adequate nutrition

50
Q

What should a nurse do to the oxygen when administering it to a patient who has pneumonia?

A

Add humidification to loosen secretions

51
Q

What types of interventions can a nurse implement to improve a patients airway if they have pneumonia?

A
  • Coughing techniques
  • Chest physiotherapy
  • Incentive spirometry
  • Position changes
  • Oxygen admin
52
Q

What types of interventions that don’t have to do with airway can a nurse implement in a patient who has pneumonia?

A
  • Maintain nutrition
  • Hydration
  • Promote Rest
  • Activity as tolerated
  • Patient teaching
  • Self care
53
Q

What two types of medications can a nurse administer to help a patient with pneumonia?

A

Antipyretics and antitussives (expectorants)

54
Q

Where does the flu infect?

A

The respiratory epithelium

55
Q

How long is the incubation period for influenza?

A

Short

56
Q

What type of disease is the flu and how contagious is it?

A

It is a viral respiratory disease and it is highly contagious.

57
Q

If a patient has the flu what are they at increased risk for?

A
  • Secondary bacterial infections

- Increased risk for pneumonia

58
Q

How is the flu transmitted?

A

By droplet and direct contact with droplet

59
Q

What types of influenza is there?

A

Type A,B,C

60
Q

What are types A and B influenza viruses responsible for?

A

For most infections and epidemic mostly during winter months

61
Q

What do type C influenza viruses cause?

A

Mild respiratory infections or no illnesses at all.

62
Q

Who are at risk for the flu?

A
  • Infants
  • Young children
  • Over age 50
  • Residents of LTC
  • Pregnant women
  • Immunocompromised
  • Chronic comorbidities
  • Health care providers
63
Q

What is the main way to prevent the flu?

A

Getting vaccinated

64
Q

Who is recommended to receive the flu vaccine?

A

Everyone 6 months or older

65
Q

What does the flu vaccine contain?

A

Egg protein

66
Q

How is the live attenuate flu vaccine administered?

A

By intranasal spray

67
Q

True or False:

Severe reactions to the flu are common.

A

False:

They are rare.

68
Q

What are the abrupt onset symptoms of the flu?>

A
  • Fever
  • Cough
  • Sore throat
  • Chills
  • Headadche
  • Fatigue
  • Dry mouth
  • Nasal congestion
69
Q

What symptoms do the elderly present with if they have the flu?

A
  • Fever
  • Fatigue
  • Confusion
70
Q

What do the elderly NOT show symptoms of if they have the flu?

A

NO respiratory symptoms

71
Q

When do acute symptoms subside if a patient has the flu?

A

2-3 days

72
Q

How long does a fever typically last if a patient has the flu?

A

may last a week

73
Q

How long does fatigue, weakness, and cough last if a patient has the flu?

A

May last several weeks.

74
Q

Who are more likely to develop complications of the flu?

A

The very young and very old

75
Q

What types of complications can develop from the flu?

A
  • Viral or bacterial pneumonia
  • Myositis
  • Reye syndrome
76
Q

Which age class is likely to develop Reye syndrome as complication of the flu?

A

The young

77
Q

What two questions should you make sure you as if you suspect a patient has the flu?

A

Recent travel and interaction with infected animals

78
Q

What types of swabs need to be done to diagnose a patient with the flu?

A

Nasal, throat, or nasopharyngeal swabs

79
Q

What is the antiviral drug that can help a patient with the flu who never received a vaccine?

A

Oseltamivir

80
Q

What is Oseltamivir?

A

An antiviral drug that is a treatment and prophylaxis in people exposed but not vaccinated for the flu

81
Q

What class does Dextromethorphan belong to?

A

Antitussive

82
Q

What does Dextromethorphan do?

A

It is an over the counter analgesic that provides relief of fever and muscle ache

83
Q

What is the indication that a patient needs to take Dextromethorphan?

A

They need to suppress a nonproductive cough

84
Q

Where does Dextromethorphan work in the body?

A

It acts directly on the cough center of the medulla

85
Q

What is the contraindication or caution for a patient taking Dextromethorphan?

A
  • Head injury
  • Alcoholism
  • COPD/asthma
  • Hepatic or renal disease
  • Pregnancy and lactation
86
Q

What age can patients not take Dextromethorphan?

A

Any patient less than 2 years old.

87
Q

What are the adverse effects of Dextromethorphan?

A
  • Increased viscosity of secretions
  • Constipation
  • Drowsiness
  • Sedation
  • Nausea, vomiting
88
Q

What interacts with Dextromethorphan?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Other CNS depressants
  • MAOId
89
Q

Why should you take Dextromethorphan with food?

A

To decrease GI distress

90
Q

How would you instruct patient’s and visitors to control secretions if the patient has the flu?

A
  • To use tissues
  • To keep a distance of at least 6 feet from others
  • Use droplet precautions
91
Q

What class types of medications could you administer to a patient with the flu?

A
  • Antipyretic
  • Analgesic
  • Antitussives
92
Q

What are the five nursing interventions for a patient with the flu?

A
  • Assist the client to maintain adequate hydration and nutrition
  • Increase humidity of inspired air with a bedside humidifier
  • Teach effective coughing techniques, hygiene
  • Pace activities to provide for periods of rest
  • Elevate head of bed

Exam 3 (8 decks)

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