Urinary, Buffer, Reproductive Systems Flashcards
During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the maturing follicle secretes _____ which creates a surge in estrogen that causes he endometrium to thicken
LH & FSH
Mesangial cells function to ___
pass regulatory signals between the macula dense and granular cells
Water is passively reabsorbed by the ___
descending limb of the loop of Henle
The epithelium of the mucosal lining of the urethra transitions from ___ to ___ near the bladder, and again to ___ near the penile opening.
pseudo-stratified columnar, transitional, stratified squamous
In response to rising pH, bicarbonate ions release H+ into the blood stream, and the result is ___
pH is lowered
Sperm travel from the epididymis to the ___
vas deferens
in warmer temperatures, the ___ muscle relaxes to allow for more surface area to increase heat dissipation from the testes
dartos
The ___ is the middle muscular layer of the uterine wall
myoetrium
___ result from the crystallization of calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts precipitating in the renal pelvis
Kidney stones
In the male reproductive system, sertoli cells are stimulated by ___ to release ABP
FSH
The function of the Fallopian tubes:
site of fertilization; transports oocytes to the uterus
The function of the ureters is ___
transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Tubular secretion takes place in the ___
distal convoluted tubule
___ is the process of selectively moving substances from filtrate back into the blood.
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular reabsorption takes place in the ___
proximal convoluted tubule
The ___ opens the uterus to the vagina
cervical orifice
In large amounts, estrogen has what kind of effect?
stimulatory
Female hormones that have an inhibitory effect:
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
The myoetrium is the ___ layer of the uterine wall
middle muscular
As the ovarian follicle starts growing in response to LH & FSH, the ___ gets thicker & starts secreting hormones
theca folliculi
Renal Granular cells function to ___
sense blood pressure in arterioles
___ is the production of male gametes in the testes
Spermatogenesis
___ is the maturation of male gametes
Spermiogenesis
In the male reproductive system, ___ stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
LH
Blood is filtered in the kidneys by the ___
glomerulus
The major muscle in the urinary bladder is the ___
detrusor muscle
___ are the functional units of the kidneys
Nephrons
The perimetrium is the ___ layer of the uterine wall
outer serosal
What two factors dictate the direction of the flow of water?
Hydrostatic pressure & osmotic pressure
GnRH is released by ____
the hypothalamus
The terminal portion of the female duct system is the ___
vagina
Urine formation begins when ___
blood is filtered by the glomerulus
GFR stands for ___
Glomerular filtration rate
PKD is defined as ___
growth of numerous cysts in or on the kidneys
ARPKD is caused by ___
two faulty genes inherited one from each parent
The number of chromosomes in human gametes is ___
23
___ secreted by the hypothalamus triggers the release of LH & FSH
GnRH
GnRH stands for ___
gonadotropin releasing hormone
The ___ in females is homologous to the scrotum in males
labia
Salt reabsorption is important in order to maintain ___ within the kidneys
osmotic pressure
Water and dissolved minerals filtered out of the glomerulus are captured by the ___
Bowman’s capsule
___ is the sequence of events in the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produces male gametes
Spermatogenesis
The tubule that lies furthest from the renal corpuscle is called ___
distal convoluted tubule
ADH promotes water retention by ___
causing more water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct
Each mammary gland consists of 15-25 ___
lobes
The 3 layers of the uterine wall are ___
Endometrium, myoetrium, & perimetrium
In colder temperatures, the ___ muscle serve to lift the testes closer to the body
cremaster
Inhibin, secreted by the Theca folliculi, inhibits ______
LH & FSH production
List the organs of the Urinary system.
KidneysUretersUrinary BladderUrethra
List the functions of the female reproductive system
forming female gametes & sex hormones
Providing an environment for fetal development
The special cells that form the visceral layer of the filtration membrane, whose processes regulate what passes through the fenestrated capillary membranes are called ___
podocytes
Name the structure that make up each renal corpuscle
glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule
___ stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
LH
___ secrete hormones from within the secondary follicle
Theca Folliculi
What are the fluid compartments of the urinary balance system?
ICF & ECF
Name the function of the mammary glands
secreting milk following pregnancy
ABP keeps the concentration of ___ high in the vicinity of spermatogenic cells
testosterone
After ovulation, the degrading follicular cells which are still secreting hormones, forms a ___
corpus luteum
The function of the epididymis is ___
storing and nourishing sperm
Each nephron consists of ___ & ___
renal corpuscle & renal tubule
___ is a powerful vasodilator released as part of the male sexual response
NO (Nitric Oxide)
Within the seminiferous tubules, ___ serve to produce & store testosterone
leydig cells
The fallopian tubes are lined with _____ epithilium
simple columnar epithelium that secretes mucus
List the structures of the female duct system
Fallopian tubesUterusVagina
The function of the kidneys is ___
to remove waste products from the blood stream and excrete it
The only treatments for advanced PKD are ___
kidney transplant or dialysis
List the 3 structural feature of the fallopian tubes
infundibulumFimibriaeFallopian tube
The pyramid shaped structures in the renal medulla are called ___
Renal (or medullary) pyramids
The hormone(s) ___ trigger the maturation of the ovarian follicle
LH & FSH
GnRH controls the release of what two hormones?
FSH & LH
The solute-rich fluid that passes from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule is called ___
filtrate
The ___ are slender tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureters
List the events that take place during micturition
Bladder distension stimulates the micturition center in the brain
Micturition reflex contracts the detrusor muscle and relaxes the external urethral sphincterUrine is voided
Locally, rising levels of ___ serve as the final trigger for spermatogenesis
testosterone
The clitoris is homologous to the penis in that both contain ___
corpus cavernosa
The ___ is a thin-walled tube that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it out of the body.
Urethra
The Theca Folliculi secretes what hormones?
estrogen & inhibin
List the 4 structural regions of a sperm cell
- Head
- Acrosome
- Midpiece
- Tail
The tubule that lies closest to the renal corpuscle is called ___
proximal convoluted tubule
Each primordial follicle contains ___
one oocyte & a layer of follicular cells
The region where the most distal portion of the ascending loop of Henle lies against the glomerulus is called ___
juxtaglomerlular complex
Macula densa cells monitor ___ in filtrate
salt content
The 3 segments of the male urethra are:
prostatic, membranous, penile
Salt is passively reabsorbed by the ___
ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Renal failure is defined as ___
a GFR of < 15 ml/min
Diploid organisms are form by ___
the merging of two haploid cells
When an oocyte-containing follicle is fully matured it ___
bulges to the surface of the ovary and ruptures
The descending limb of the loop of Henle passively reabsorbs ___
water
Urine is sent from the DCT to the ___
collecting duct
By what mechanisms is obligatory water loss conducted?
Urine
Sweat
Feces
Expired air
As the follicle continues growing, it secretes ___ which stimulates a surge of LH & FSH production in the hypothalamus
estrogen
The daughter cells of Meiosis II in the male reproductive system are called ___
Spermatids
The ___ in females is homologous to the penis in males
clitoris
The ___ in females is homologous to the bulbourethral gland in males
vestibular gland
The bundle of capillaries inside the renal corpuscle is called ___
glomerulus
Name the 4 phases of the ovarian cycle
- Follicular phase
- Ovulation
- Luteal phase
- Corpus albicans
The number of chromosomes in human gametes is referred to as the ___
haploid chromosomal number
Sperm is produced by the ___
testes
List the function of the ovaries
forming oocytes & female sex hormones
Describe the general composition of body fluids
Combination of electrolytes & nonelectrolytes
List two functions of progesterone
Maintaining uterus lining & inhibiting LH & FSH
The ___ reabsorbs water and important molecules such as glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals from the filtrate
PCT
The ___ is the outer serosal layer of the uterine wall
perimetrium
List the 4 cell types that metamorphose during spermatogenesis
primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
The water and important molecules reabsorbed by the PCT are reabsorbed into the ___
peritubular capillaries
What factors trigger fluid input?
High plasma osmolality & low plasma volume
The endometrium is the _____ layer of the uterine wall
inner mucosal layer
Na-K+ balance is achieved by what hormone?
Aldosterone
What is the function of the testes?
To produce sperm and male hormones
Sperm are formed in the ___ of the testes
seminiferous tubules
___ is the raw material used by the renal tubules to form urine
Filtrate
NO (Nitric Oxide) is a powerful ___
vasodilator
LH & FSH production in the female reproductive system is stimulated by ___
estrogen
The ___ in females is homologous to the testes in males
ovaries
Fertilization causes the oocyte to ___
complete meiosis II
___ is the process of gamete reproduction
meiosis
ABP causes cells to bind ___
testosterone
The hormones LH & FSH are controlled by ___
GnRH
Meiosis is different from Mitosis in that ___
meiosis: 4 identical daughter cells each with only 23 chromosomes; mitosis: 2 identical daughter cells each with 46 chromosomes
The spaces between the foot processes of podocytes are called ___
filtration slits
___ are the “scaffolding” or supporting cells in the seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cells
___ inhibits aldosterone
ANP
A surge of _____ triggers ovulation (oocyte rupturing from ovary)
LH & FSH
___ enhances the motility of sperm
Prostate gland secretions
The function of the urethra is ___
carrying urine from the bladder to the body exterior
Two main structures of the secondary follicles are ____
corona radiata & theca folliculi
The two main regions of the kidneys are ___ & ___
cortex & medulla
___ protect and nourish the oocyte in the secondary follicle
Corona radiata
The ___ is the final portion of the male duct system
urethra
___ & ___ dictate how filtrate is created
hydrostatic & osmotic pressure
The function of the uterus:
receiving & sustaining development of developing embryo
The mucosa of the ureters contains what kinds of epithelium?
Transitional
In response to high sperm counts, ___ is released by Sertoli cells to inhibit the release of FSH and GnRH
inhibin
The mammary glands are composed of lobes that contain ____
a gland & a duct
In small doses, estrogen has what kind of effect?
inhibitory
The yellow color of Urine is due to ___
urochrome pigment
___ is the term for voiding the bladder of urine
Micturition
Corpus luteum changes into ____
corpus albicans
During the male sexual response, ___ is released to relax smooth muscles & dilate arterioles in order to fill erectile tissue with blood
Nitric oxide (NO)
The juxtaglomelular complex has 3 types of cells. Name them.
Macula densa cellsGranular cellsMesangial cells
Function of the bulbourethral gland secretions:
lubricating the glans penis in preparation for sexual intercourse
The finger-like projections of the fallopian tubes are called ___
famibriae
APKD is cause by ___
one faulty gene inherited from one parent
___ are formed prenatally in the ovaries
primordial follicles
___ stimulates spermatogenesis indirectly by stimulating Sertoli Cells to release ABP
FSH
___ is the end result of blood being filtered through the kidneys
filtrate
____ is a series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium undergoes each month as it responds to changing levels of ovarian hormones in blood
The menstrual cycle
Diploid means ___
half maternal, half paternal
What brain structure creates the thirst sensation?
Hypothalamus
What factors inhibit fluid input?
GI tract signalsDecreased plasma osmolality
___ is the clinical syndrome associated with renal failure
Uremia
The ___ is the maturation site of sperm
epididymis
Function of Prostate Gland secretions:
neutralizing seminal fluid and the vagina
Haploid cells are also known as ___
gametes
Spermatogenesis is stimulated indirectly by FSH stimulating ____ to release ___
sertoli cells; ABP
Name the capillary type that are abundant in the kidneys.
Fenestrated capillaries
Sperm is sent through the vas deferens to the ___
urethra
The function of the Urinary bladder is ___
to serve as a temporary storage reservoir for urine
___ takes place in the renal corpuscle and produces a cell- and protein-free filtrate
Glomerular filtration
___ is the process during which spermatids are streamlined to form spermatozoon
spermiogenesis
___ causes more water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct in order to prevent dehydration
ADH
___ is the process of selectively moving substances from the blood into the filtrate
Tubular secretion
ADH accomplishes water retention by ___
increasing the number of aquaporins
Primordial follicles remain in what state until puberty?
suspended at prophase I of meiosis I
The ___ is the inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall
endometrium
Water & salt reabsorption takes place in the ___
loop of Henle
The function of the vagina:
conveying uterine secretions; receiving erect penis during intercourse; birth canal
___ stimulates Sertoli cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)
FSH
What are the primary organs of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries
List the 4 steps of urine formation.
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Water & salt reabsorption
Tubular secreteion
Name the 3 regions of the penis:
Shaft
Glans
Prepuce (foreskin)
PKD stands for ___
Polycystic kidney Disease
The vaginal wall has several layers of ____ tissue
fibroelastic
The ___ secretes a highly alkaline fluid that helps regulate pH of the male reproductive system
seminal vesicle
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle passively reabsorbs ___
salt
In males, FSH stimulates ___
sertoli cells
During tubular reabsorption, important molecules such as _____ are reabsorbed
glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins and minerals
