Urinary, Buffer, Reproductive Systems Flashcards
1
Q
During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the maturing follicle secretes _____ which creates a surge in estrogen that causes he endometrium to thicken
A
LH & FSH
2
Q
Mesangial cells function to ___
A
pass regulatory signals between the macula dense and granular cells
3
Q
Water is passively reabsorbed by the ___
A
descending limb of the loop of Henle
4
Q
The epithelium of the mucosal lining of the urethra transitions from ___ to ___ near the bladder, and again to ___ near the penile opening.
A
pseudo-stratified columnar, transitional, stratified squamous
5
Q
In response to rising pH, bicarbonate ions release H+ into the blood stream, and the result is ___
A
pH is lowered
6
Q
Sperm travel from the epididymis to the ___
A
vas deferens
7
Q
in warmer temperatures, the ___ muscle relaxes to allow for more surface area to increase heat dissipation from the testes
A
dartos
8
Q
The ___ is the middle muscular layer of the uterine wall
A
myoetrium
9
Q
___ result from the crystallization of calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts precipitating in the renal pelvis
A
Kidney stones
10
Q
In the male reproductive system, sertoli cells are stimulated by ___ to release ABP
A
FSH
11
Q
The function of the Fallopian tubes:
A
site of fertilization; transports oocytes to the uterus
12
Q
The function of the ureters is ___
A
transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
13
Q
Tubular secretion takes place in the ___
A
distal convoluted tubule
14
Q
___ is the process of selectively moving substances from filtrate back into the blood.
A
Tubular reabsorption
15
Q
Tubular reabsorption takes place in the ___
A
proximal convoluted tubule
16
Q
The ___ opens the uterus to the vagina
A
cervical orifice
17
Q
In large amounts, estrogen has what kind of effect?
A
stimulatory
18
Q
Female hormones that have an inhibitory effect:
A
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
19
Q
The myoetrium is the ___ layer of the uterine wall
A
middle muscular
20
Q
As the ovarian follicle starts growing in response to LH & FSH, the ___ gets thicker & starts secreting hormones
A
theca folliculi
21
Q
Renal Granular cells function to ___
A
sense blood pressure in arterioles
22
Q
___ is the production of male gametes in the testes
A
Spermatogenesis
23
Q
___ is the maturation of male gametes
A
Spermiogenesis
24
Q
In the male reproductive system, ___ stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
A
LH
25
Blood is filtered in the kidneys by the \_\_\_
glomerulus
26
The major muscle in the urinary bladder is the \_\_\_
detrusor muscle
27
\_\_\_ are the functional units of the kidneys
Nephrons
28
The perimetrium is the ___ layer of the uterine wall
outer serosal
29
What two factors dictate the direction of the flow of water?
Hydrostatic pressure & osmotic pressure
30
GnRH is released by \_\_\_\_
the hypothalamus
31
The terminal portion of the female duct system is the \_\_\_
vagina
32
Urine formation begins when \_\_\_
blood is filtered by the glomerulus
33
GFR stands for \_\_\_
Glomerular filtration rate
34
PKD is defined as \_\_\_
growth of numerous cysts in or on the kidneys
35
ARPKD is caused by \_\_\_
two faulty genes inherited one from each parent
36
The number of chromosomes in human gametes is \_\_\_
23
37
\_\_\_ secreted by the hypothalamus triggers the release of LH & FSH
GnRH
38
GnRH stands for \_\_\_
gonadotropin releasing hormone
39
The ___ in females is homologous to the scrotum in males
labia
40
Salt reabsorption is important in order to maintain ___ within the kidneys
osmotic pressure
41
Water and dissolved minerals filtered out of the glomerulus are captured by the \_\_\_
Bowman's capsule
42
\_\_\_ is the sequence of events in the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produces male gametes
Spermatogenesis
43
The tubule that lies furthest from the renal corpuscle is called \_\_\_
distal convoluted tubule
44
ADH promotes water retention by \_\_\_
causing more water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct
45
Each mammary gland consists of 15-25 \_\_\_
lobes
46
The 3 layers of the uterine wall are \_\_\_
Endometrium, myoetrium, & perimetrium
47
In colder temperatures, the ___ muscle serve to lift the testes closer to the body
cremaster
48
Inhibin, secreted by the Theca folliculi, inhibits \_\_\_\_\_\_
LH & FSH production
49
List the organs of the Urinary system.
KidneysUretersUrinary BladderUrethra
50
List the functions of the female reproductive system
forming female gametes & sex hormones
Providing an environment for fetal development
51
The special cells that form the visceral layer of the filtration membrane, whose processes regulate what passes through the fenestrated capillary membranes are called \_\_\_
podocytes
52
Name the structure that make up each renal corpuscle
glomerulus & Bowman's capsule
53
\_\_\_ stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
LH
54
\_\_\_ secrete hormones from within the secondary follicle
Theca Folliculi
55
What are the fluid compartments of the urinary balance system?
ICF & ECF
56
Name the function of the mammary glands
secreting milk following pregnancy
57
ABP keeps the concentration of ___ high in the vicinity of spermatogenic cells
testosterone
58
After ovulation, the degrading follicular cells which are still secreting hormones, forms a \_\_\_
corpus luteum
59
The function of the epididymis is \_\_\_
storing and nourishing sperm
60
Each nephron consists of ___ & \_\_\_
renal corpuscle & renal tubule
61
\_\_\_ is a powerful vasodilator released as part of the male sexual response
NO (Nitric Oxide)
62
Within the seminiferous tubules, ___ serve to produce & store testosterone
leydig cells
63
The fallopian tubes are lined with _____ epithilium
simple columnar epithelium that secretes mucus
64
List the structures of the female duct system
Fallopian tubesUterusVagina
65
The function of the kidneys is \_\_\_
to remove waste products from the blood stream and excrete it
66
The only treatments for advanced PKD are \_\_\_
kidney transplant or dialysis
67
List the 3 structural feature of the fallopian tubes
infundibulumFimibriaeFallopian tube
68
The pyramid shaped structures in the renal medulla are called \_\_\_
Renal (or medullary) pyramids
69
The hormone(s) ___ trigger the maturation of the ovarian follicle
LH & FSH
70
GnRH controls the release of what two hormones?
FSH & LH
71
The solute-rich fluid that passes from the blood into the Bowman's capsule is called \_\_\_
filtrate
72
The ___ are slender tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureters
73
List the events that take place during micturition
Bladder distension stimulates the micturition center in the brain
Micturition reflex contracts the detrusor muscle and relaxes the external urethral sphincterUrine is voided
74
Locally, rising levels of ___ serve as the final trigger for spermatogenesis
testosterone
75
The clitoris is homologous to the penis in that both contain \_\_\_
corpus cavernosa
76
The ___ is a thin-walled tube that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it out of the body.
Urethra
77
The Theca Folliculi secretes what hormones?
estrogen & inhibin
78
List the 4 structural regions of a sperm cell
* Head
* Acrosome
* Midpiece
* Tail
79
The tubule that lies closest to the renal corpuscle is called \_\_\_
proximal convoluted tubule
80
Each primordial follicle contains \_\_\_
one oocyte & a layer of follicular cells
81
The region where the most distal portion of the ascending loop of Henle lies against the glomerulus is called \_\_\_
juxtaglomerlular complex
82
Macula densa cells monitor ___ in filtrate
salt content
83
The 3 segments of the male urethra are:
prostatic, membranous, penile
84
Salt is passively reabsorbed by the \_\_\_
ascending limb of the loop of Henle
85
Renal failure is defined as \_\_\_
a GFR of \< 15 ml/min
86
Diploid organisms are form by \_\_\_
the merging of two haploid cells
87
When an oocyte-containing follicle is fully matured it \_\_\_
bulges to the surface of the ovary and ruptures
88
The descending limb of the loop of Henle passively reabsorbs \_\_\_
water
89
Urine is sent from the DCT to the \_\_\_
collecting duct
90
By what mechanisms is obligatory water loss conducted?
Urine
Sweat
Feces
Expired air
91
As the follicle continues growing, it secretes ___ which stimulates a surge of LH & FSH production in the hypothalamus
estrogen
92
The daughter cells of Meiosis II in the male reproductive system are called \_\_\_
Spermatids
93
The ___ in females is homologous to the penis in males
clitoris
94
The ___ in females is homologous to the bulbourethral gland in males
vestibular gland
95
The bundle of capillaries inside the renal corpuscle is called \_\_\_
glomerulus
96
Name the 4 phases of the ovarian cycle
* Follicular phase
* Ovulation
* Luteal phase
* Corpus albicans
97
The number of chromosomes in human gametes is referred to as the \_\_\_
haploid chromosomal number
98
Sperm is produced by the \_\_\_
testes
99
List the function of the ovaries
forming oocytes & female sex hormones
100
Describe the general composition of body fluids
Combination of electrolytes & nonelectrolytes
101
List two functions of progesterone
Maintaining uterus lining & inhibiting LH & FSH
102
The ___ reabsorbs water and important molecules such as glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals from the filtrate
PCT
103
The ___ is the outer serosal layer of the uterine wall
perimetrium
104
List the 4 cell types that metamorphose during spermatogenesis
primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
105
The water and important molecules reabsorbed by the PCT are reabsorbed into the \_\_\_
peritubular capillaries
106
What factors trigger fluid input?
High plasma osmolality & low plasma volume
107
The endometrium is the _____ layer of the uterine wall
inner mucosal layer
108
Na-K+ balance is achieved by what hormone?
Aldosterone
109
What is the function of the testes?
To produce sperm and male hormones
110
Sperm are formed in the ___ of the testes
seminiferous tubules
111
\_\_\_ is the raw material used by the renal tubules to form urine
Filtrate
112
NO (Nitric Oxide) is a powerful \_\_\_
vasodilator
113
LH & FSH production in the female reproductive system is stimulated by \_\_\_
estrogen
114
The ___ in females is homologous to the testes in males
ovaries
115
Fertilization causes the oocyte to \_\_\_
complete meiosis II
116
\_\_\_ is the process of gamete reproduction
meiosis
117
ABP causes cells to bind \_\_\_
testosterone
118
The hormones LH & FSH are controlled by \_\_\_
GnRH
119
Meiosis is different from Mitosis in that \_\_\_
meiosis: 4 identical daughter cells each with only 23 chromosomes; mitosis: 2 identical daughter cells each with 46 chromosomes
120
The spaces between the foot processes of podocytes are called \_\_\_
filtration slits
121
\_\_\_ are the "scaffolding" or supporting cells in the seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cells
122
\_\_\_ inhibits aldosterone
ANP
123
A surge of _____ triggers ovulation (oocyte rupturing from ovary)
LH & FSH
124
\_\_\_ enhances the motility of sperm
Prostate gland secretions
125
The function of the urethra is \_\_\_
carrying urine from the bladder to the body exterior
126
Two main structures of the secondary follicles are \_\_\_\_
corona radiata & theca folliculi
127
The two main regions of the kidneys are ___ & \_\_\_
cortex & medulla
128
\_\_\_ protect and nourish the oocyte in the secondary follicle
Corona radiata
129
The ___ is the final portion of the male duct system
urethra
130
\_\_\_ & ___ dictate how filtrate is created
hydrostatic & osmotic pressure
131
The function of the uterus:
receiving & sustaining development of developing embryo
132
The mucosa of the ureters contains what kinds of epithelium?
Transitional
133
In response to high sperm counts, ___ is released by Sertoli cells to inhibit the release of FSH and GnRH
inhibin
134
The mammary glands are composed of lobes that contain \_\_\_\_
a gland & a duct
135
In small doses, estrogen has what kind of effect?
inhibitory
136
The yellow color of Urine is due to \_\_\_
urochrome pigment
137
\_\_\_ is the term for voiding the bladder of urine
Micturition
138
Corpus luteum changes into \_\_\_\_
corpus albicans
139
During the male sexual response, ___ is released to relax smooth muscles & dilate arterioles in order to fill erectile tissue with blood
Nitric oxide (NO)
140
The juxtaglomelular complex has 3 types of cells. Name them.
Macula densa cellsGranular cellsMesangial cells
141
Function of the bulbourethral gland secretions:
lubricating the glans penis in preparation for sexual intercourse
142
The finger-like projections of the fallopian tubes are called \_\_\_
famibriae
143
APKD is cause by \_\_\_
one faulty gene inherited from one parent
144
\_\_\_ are formed prenatally in the ovaries
primordial follicles
145
\_\_\_ stimulates spermatogenesis indirectly by stimulating Sertoli Cells to release ABP
FSH
146
\_\_\_ is the end result of blood being filtered through the kidneys
filtrate
147
\_\_\_\_ is a series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium undergoes each month as it responds to changing levels of ovarian hormones in blood
The menstrual cycle
148
Diploid means \_\_\_
half maternal, half paternal
149
What brain structure creates the thirst sensation?
Hypothalamus
150
What factors inhibit fluid input?
GI tract signalsDecreased plasma osmolality
151
\_\_\_ is the clinical syndrome associated with renal failure
Uremia
152
The ___ is the maturation site of sperm
epididymis
153
Function of Prostate Gland secretions:
neutralizing seminal fluid and the vagina
154
Haploid cells are also known as \_\_\_
gametes
155
Spermatogenesis is stimulated indirectly by FSH stimulating ____ to release \_\_\_
sertoli cells; ABP
156
Name the capillary type that are abundant in the kidneys.
Fenestrated capillaries
157
Sperm is sent through the vas deferens to the \_\_\_
urethra
158
The function of the Urinary bladder is \_\_\_
to serve as a temporary storage reservoir for urine
159
\_\_\_ takes place in the renal corpuscle and produces a cell- and protein-free filtrate
Glomerular filtration
160
\_\_\_ is the process during which spermatids are streamlined to form spermatozoon
spermiogenesis
161
\_\_\_ causes more water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct in order to prevent dehydration
ADH
162
\_\_\_ is the process of selectively moving substances from the blood into the filtrate
Tubular secretion
163
ADH accomplishes water retention by \_\_\_
increasing the number of aquaporins
164
Primordial follicles remain in what state until puberty?
suspended at prophase I of meiosis I
165
The ___ is the inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall
endometrium
166
Water & salt reabsorption takes place in the \_\_\_
loop of Henle
167
The function of the vagina:
conveying uterine secretions; receiving erect penis during intercourse; birth canal
168
\_\_\_ stimulates Sertoli cells to release androgen-binding protein (ABP)
FSH
169
What are the primary organs of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries
170
List the 4 steps of urine formation.
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Water & salt reabsorption
Tubular secreteion
171
Name the 3 regions of the penis:
Shaft
Glans
Prepuce (foreskin)
172
PKD stands for \_\_\_
Polycystic kidney Disease
173
The vaginal wall has several layers of ____ tissue
fibroelastic
174
The ___ secretes a highly alkaline fluid that helps regulate pH of the male reproductive system
seminal vesicle
175
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle passively reabsorbs \_\_\_
salt
176
In males, FSH stimulates \_\_\_
sertoli cells
177
During tubular reabsorption, important molecules such as _____ are reabsorbed
glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins and minerals
