Final Exam Flashcards
The water and important molecules reabsorbed by the PCT are reabsorbed into the ___
peritubular capillaries
The solute-rich fluid that passes from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule is called ___
filtrate
The layers of the gastrula differentiate to form the _____ of the embryo
organs
Erythropoiesis begins when a hematopoietic stem cell descendent called a ____ transforms into a proerythroblast.
Myeloid stem cell.
When their lifespan is complete, RBCs are broken down. The ____ is stripped down and the amino acids recycled, and the ____ is released back into the blood stream.
Globin, heme
The 3 functions of the larynx are ____, ____, & ____
air passageway, preventing food from entering the lower respiratory tract, and voice production
About 85% of americans are Rh+, meaning their RBCs carry ____
the D antigen
____ give rise to reticulocytes.
Orthochromatic erythroblasts
___ breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides or simple sugars
Sucrase, maltase, and lactase
___ causes more water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct in order to prevent dehydration
ADH
During the ____ segment of the ECG, the entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized.
S-T segment
GH stimulates _____
cell growth and mitosis
After the egg has been fertilized, the nucleus of the sperm intermixes with the nucleus of the oocyte, forming _____
the zygote
____ are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation and are active phagocytes.
Neutrophils
The intrinsic factor secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach serve what purpose?
Absorbing vitamin B12
The ____ house respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi
lungs
The _____ are activation sites of lymphocytes which is part of the immune response
Lymph Nodes
PRL is secreted by the _____
anterior pituitary gland
The presence of agglutinogens A & B result in which blood type?
Type AB
Lymphatic vessels carry _____ from the intestine to the blood.
Fat
PTH conserves ____ by controlling kidney excretions
blood calcium levels
The ____ is the site of gas & nutrient exchange between mother & baby
placenta
Blood pressure varies directly with ____ .
Blood volume
These hormones regulate the function of another endocrine gland.
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, & LH
_____ is the increase in white blood cells in the blood stream in response to inflammation.
Leukocytosis
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine are released by the ____
adrenal medulla
What percentage of CO2 is dissolved into plasma?
7-10%
The ____ also acts as an air passageway along with warming, humidifying, and cleaning inhaled air
Trachea
___ takes place in the renal corpuscle and produces a cell- and protein-free filtrate
Glomerular filtration
As the follicle continues growing, it secretes ___ which stimulates a surge of LH & FSH production in the hypothalamus
estrogen
The Adrenal cortex produces & secretes _____
aldosterone, cortisol, & adrenal sex hormones
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete ___
HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
Pulmonary ventilation occurs in the ____
lungs
Aldosterone, cortisol, & adrenal sex hormones are produced & secreted by the ____
Adrenal Cortex
During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, the maturing follicle secretes _____ which creates a surge in estrogen that causes he endometrium to thicken
LH & FSH
During placentation, the trophoblast layer of the blastocyst produces ___ that invade the endometrium
finger-like projections called villi
Renal Granular cells function to ___
sense blood pressure in arterioles
The four formed elements of blood are ____
Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Protein-digesting enzyme of the stomach:
Pepsin
During ____ air is moved into and out of the lungs where gases are exchanged continuously
Pulmonary ventilation
List the organs of the Urinary system.
KidneysUretersUrinary BladderUrethra
Low levels of ____ inhibit the menstrual cycle
estrogen & progesterone
The function of the ureters is ___
transporting urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
What directions do O2 and CO2 take between respiratory membranes?
O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood and CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction
The placenta is formed from _____
embryonic & maternal tissues
The first 8 hours after birth is called the _____
transitional period
NK cells also secrete potent chemicals that enhance the _____
inflammatory process
Passageway connecting the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to the esophagus:
Pharynx
___ & ___ dictate how filtrate is created
hydrostatic & osmotic pressure
The ____ play the major role in EPO production.
Kidneys
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Returning fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back to the blood
The ____ zone is the actual site of gas exchange
respiratory
Name the functions of the placenta:
Site of gas & nutrient exchange between mother & baby
Secreting placental progesterones & estrogens
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the _____
anterior pituitary gland
When aortic pressure drops to its lowest level during vascular relaxation, it is called the ____ pressure.
Diastolic
The ____ is a passageway for air and food
pharynx
How are breathing rate and depth affected by changing levels of O2, CO2, and H+?
Chemoreceptors in the brain and aortic arch
The ____ zone includes all other passage ways which provide conduits for air to reach the lungs
conducting zone
The pharynx and trachea are connected by the ____
larynx
PTH affects ___, ___, & ___
bones, kidneys, & intesine
Approximately what percentage of O2 is dissolved into plasma?
1-1.5%
During pregnancy, ___ inhibits uterine contractions
placental progesterones
Deficiency in GH can lead to _____
dwarfism
The functions of the nose include:
produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens air, and is a resonance chamber for speech
The major hormones secreted by the hypothalamus are _____ and _____
ADH and OT (oxytocin)
ACTH is secreted by the _____
anterior pituitary gland
Sperm is carried through the male reproductive tract by:
peristalsis
Embryonic development occurs during which period?
the first 8 weeks
___ in the intestine breaks fats into glycerol and fatty acids
Intestinal lipase
List the organs of the female reproductuve system
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Inflammatory chemicals that act as homing devices for WBCs to find inflammation sites are called _____
chemotactic agents
_____ refers to the flattening of neutrophils in order to squeeze through the endothelial cells of capillary walls
Diapedesis
What is the function of erythrocytes?
Transporting O2 and CO2 throughout the blood stream
The ____ stage of cleavage forms a pocket inside by hollowing out
Morula
Lymphocytes account for ____% of the WBC population.
25% or more
What factors affect breathing rate and depth?
Changing levels of CO2, O2, and H+ in arterial blood
Macula densa cells monitor ___ in filtrate
salt content
In fetal circulation, blood flows from the umbilical vein to the ____
ductus venosus
Water & salt reabsorption takes place in the ___
loop of Henle
The ___ of the gastrula forms the digestive & respiratory mucosa and epithelia of internal organs
Mesoderm
GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, & LH are all secreted by the ____
Anterior pituitary
The region where the most distal portion of the ascending loop of Henle lies against the glomerulus is called ___
juxtaglomerlular complex
The formed elements of blood and their percentages
Erythrocytes: 45%
Plasma: 55%
Leukocytes: < 1%
Platelets: < 1%
From the SA node, the depolarization wave spreads via gap junctions throughout the atria to the ____
AV node
Name the function of the gallbladder
stores bile & releases it in response to hormonal signal
Name the digestive function of the pancreas
secreting pancreatic juice in response to hormonal signals
The ___ of the gastrula forms the nervous system, and skin, hair, and nails
Ectoderm
What stomach cells secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
A surge of _____ triggers ovulation (oocyte rupturing from ovary)
LH & FSH
____ stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Erythrocytes are completely dedicated to their job of ____
Transporting respiratory gases
Erythropoiesis is the ____
formation of erythrocytes
From the AV node, the impulse sweeps to the ____
AV bundle
____ increases when stroke volume increases or the heart beats faster.
Cardiac output
The ___ are slender tubes that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureters
During the 1st trimester, ___ prevents the loss of the embryo by acting like LH in order to maintain the corpus luteum
hCG hormone
List the enzymes secreted by the small intestine
Peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, intestinal lipase
___ is the term for the differentiation of the gastrula into organs & tissues
Organogenesis
Leukocytes and platelets contribute ____% of blood volume
< 1%
Salt reabsorption is important in order to maintain ___ within the kidneys
osmotic pressure
Melatonin regulates ____
the sleep/wake cycle
The pumping action of the heart generates ____
Blood flow
___ enhances the motility of sperm
Prostate gland secretions
Prostaglandins and kinins have a _____ effect that also adds to the sensation of pain during inflammation.
sensitizing
ADH is secreted by the ____
Hypothalamus
By the 2nd trimester, hCG is replaced by ___
placental progesterone
Main sites of gas exchange
alveoli
Erythrocytes normally constitute about ____% of the total volume of blood. This is a percentage known as the ____ value.
45%, hematocrit
Function of the bulbourethral gland secretions:
lubricating the glans penis in preparation for sexual intercourse
Blood pressure is regulated by physical factors including ____
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Flexible tube running from larynx and dividing inferiorly into two main bronchi:
Trachea
Factors that affect ventilation:
Resistance, surface tension, compliance
The four signs of inflammation are _____
redness, heat, swelling, pain
After ovulation, the degrading follicular cells which are still secreting hormones, forms a ___
corpus luteum
List the 4 respiratory events in order
Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal Respiration
The ___ is a thin-walled tube that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it out of the body.
Urethra
_____ affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, & fat
Cortisol
The function of the kidneys is ___
to remove waste products from the blood stream and excrete it
Pressure results when flow is opposed by ____.
Resistance
The _____ stores and releases products from broken down RBCs
Spleen
As the ovarian follicle starts growing in response to LH & FSH, the ___ gets thicker & starts secreting hormones
theca folliculi
___ breaks down proteins into polypeptides
Pepsin
Name the function of pancreatic lipase:
breaking down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
When an oocyte-containing follicle is fully matured it ___
bulges to the surface of the ovary and ruptures
Voice production is a function of the ____
larynx
List the functions of the female reproductive system
forming female gametes & sex hormones
Providing an environment for fetal development
Air passageway connecting the trachea to the alveoli; cleans, warmed, and moistens incoming air.
Bronchial tree
Name the digestive function of the stomach
Receiving bolus and mixing it with gastric juices; initiating protein digestion limited absorption moving food into the small intestine
The ____ functions to prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract
larynx
The posterior pituitary gland serve what purpose?
Storing and releasing OT and ADH synthesized by the hypothalamus
When the cardiac muscle cells reach threshold, ____ channels open
Ca2+ (calcium)
What percentage of CO2 is chemically bound to globin?
just over 20%
The two functions of the pharynx are ____ and ____
making a passageway for air and food; exposing the immune system to inhaled antigens
Short-term regulation of blood pressure is maintained by ____ and ____.
the nervous system and blood borne hormones
Renin acts as an enzyme, ultimately generating ____, which stimulates intense vasoconstriction, promoting a rapid rise in systemic blood pressure.
Angiotensin II
The hormone(s) ___ trigger the maturation of the ovarian follicle
LH & FSH
Urine formation begins when ___
blood is filtered by the glomerulus
Proerythroblasts give rise to ____
Basophilic erythroblasts
List the functions of the female reproductive system
forming female gametes & sex hormones
Providing an environment for fetal development
What organs make up the lower respiratory tract?
Bronchail tree & lungs
This pressure peak generated by ventricular contraction is called the ____ pressure.
Systolic
The descending limb of the loop of Henle passively reabsorbs ___
water
The _____ is possibly a site of RBC production in unborn babies
Spleen
Exudate causes local _____
swelling
The bundle of capillaries inside the renal corpuscle is called ___
glomerulus
The endoderm of the gastrula differentiates to form the ___
all other organ systems & tissues
Name the function of Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
breaking down proteins into peptides
T/F: The celiac truck branches from the abdominal aorta to provide blood supply to the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity
True
When an orthochromatic erythroblast has accumulated almost all of its hemoglobin, it ____
Extrudes it organelles and pinches off its nucleus
The _____ only serve as a storage and release facility for hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland
The tubule that lies closest to the renal corpuscle is called ___
proximal convoluted tubule
The ___ of the gastrula forms all other organ systems & tissues
Endoderm
LH & FSH production in the female reproductive system is stimulated by ___
estrogen
Inhibin, secreted by the Theca folliculi, inhibits ______
LH & FSH production
Bilirubin is secreted as bile into the small intestine, and then ____
excreted in the feces
The redness and heat of an inflamed region are both due to local _____ that occurs when local arterioles dilate
hyperemia
The AV bundle splits into the right and left ____
bundle branches
internal respiration occurs as an exchange of respiratory gases between ____ and ____
blood and tissues
The two hormones secreted by the Placenta:
estrogens & progesterones
List the organs of the alimentary canal in the order through which food travels through them
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
___ secreted by the hypothalamus triggers the release of LH & FSH
GnRH
Name the digestive function of the Pharynx
passageway for food, fluids, and air, no digestive role
____ is the opposition of blood flow
Resistance
Fat-digesting enzymes secreted by the chief cells in the stomach:
Lipase
List the 4 functions of the digestive system
ingestion Digestion Absorption Defecation
Name the structure that make up each renal corpuscle
glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule
The function of the epididymis is ___
storing and nourishing sperm
After birth, the ductus arteriosus turns into the ___
ligamentum arteriosum
The trachea’s two functions are ____
creating an air passageway along with warming, humidifying, and cleaning inhaled air
The tubule that lies furthest from the renal corpuscle is called ___
distal convoluted tubule
The gastrula has ____ layers
3
NK cells kill cancerous or infected cells by _____
directly contacting the target cells and causing them to undergo apoptosis.
The action potentials that spread throughout the heart to trigger its rhythmic contractions are called ____
pacemaker potentials
Name the digestive function of the gallbladder:
There is none
List the stages of labor in order
Dilation Expulsion Placental
_____ is also called antibody mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
In fetal circulation, once the blood has entered the heart, since pulmonary circulation isn’t necessary beyond lung growth, blood is shunted from the right ventricle to the aortic arch via the ____
ductus arteriosus
Houses vocal chords
Larynx
hCG also helps form ____
the placenta
The special cells that form the visceral layer of the filtration membrane, whose processes regulate what passes through the fenestrated capillary membranes are called ___
podocytes
List the 4 steps of urine formation.
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Water & salt reabsorption
Tubular secreteion
Embryonic cells of the blastocyst migrate and transform into a _____
gastrula
Salt and water balance in the ECF is maintained by the hormones ____
ADH & aldosterone
The two main regions of the kidneys are ___ & ___
cortex & medulla
The anterior pituitary gland listens to the _____ to secrete hormones
hypothalamus
Surface barriers protect the body from pathogens by _____
acting as physical barriers as well as producing chemicals
hCG is ___
a pregnancy maintaining hormone
Name the structure that has these functions:
- Provides airway for respiration
- Moistens & warms entering air
- Filters & cleans filtered air
- Resonating chamber for speech
- Houses olfactory receptors
Nose/nasal cavity
List the sequence of events that take place during inspiration.
Respiratory muscles contract to increase thoracic volume Increased volume leads to decreased pressure Air flows into the lungs
In the _____ T cell antigens receptors bind to antigen-MHC complexes
Cellular immune response
What factors affect breathing rate and depth?
Changing levels of CO2, O2 and H+ in arterial blood
Sperm is sent through the vas deferens to the ___
urethra
____ are responsible for eliciting the humoral immune response
B cells
The right lung has ___ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes
3, 2
Since these RBC antigens promote agglutination, they are more specifically called ____
agglutinogens
Organogenesis is ____
the differentiation of the gastrula into organs & tissues
Hyperpolarization at the end of an action potential both closes ____ channels and opens ____ channels.
K+ and slow Na+ channels
List the functions of the nasal cavity/nose
- Provides airway for respiration
- Moistens & warms entering air
- Filters & cleans filtered air
- Resonating chamber for speech
- Houses olfactory receptors
Cellular immunity, or cell-mediated immunity, is provided by _____
living cells which defend the body
Name the distinct phases of the gestational period
embryonic, fetal
The lymphatic system consists of _____
Lymphatic vessels Lymph Lymph nodes
___ inhibits aldosterone
ANP
The presence of neither A nor B agglutinogens results in which blood type?
Type O
GFR stands for ___
Glomerular filtration rate
The most voracious phagocytes are the _____
macrophages
Urine is sent from the DCT to the ___
collecting duct
T cells mature in the ____
Thymus
Sperm travel from the epididymis to the ___
vas deferens
What forces move O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes?
- Partial pressure gradient & solubility
- Ventilation-perfusion coupling
- Respiratory Membrane structure
____ is the formation of tissues prenatally
Gastrulation
En electrocardiogram (ECG) is a ____
graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart
External respiration is an exchange of O2 and CO2 between the ____ and ____
lungs and blood
The ____ functions to prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract
larynx
The 3 functions of the larynx are ____, ____, & ____
air passageway, preventing food from entering the lower respiratory tract, and voice production
The _____ gland is situated in the sella turcica
pituitary
What is the function of leukocytes?
Protecting the body from invaders and warding off infection
The function of the vagina:
conveying uterine secretions; receiving erect penis during intercourse; birth canal
During placentation, the ___ is eroded as the amniotic space is formed
endometrium
The ____ period is the period of development form fertilization to birth
prenatal
Trace the pathway of the air through the respiratory tract
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Nsopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchial Tree
- Lungs
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH all regulate the function of the ____ gland
Thyroid
In ____ blood diffuses from blood to tissue cells and CO2 from tissue cells to blood.
Internal respiration
Name the digestive function of the large intestine
Reabsorbing water and electrolytes from chyme Forming & storing feces
The mesoderm of the gastrula differentiates to form the ___
digestive & respiratory mucosa and epithelia of internal organs
Vasoconstriction is directly triggered by the hormone ____
Angiotensin II
___ means breaking down food by chewing
Mastication
When do reticulocytes usually become fully mature erythrocytes?
Within 2 days of being released into the blood stream
The ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of ____
agglutinogens A and B
Blood is filtered in the kidneys by the ___
glomerulus
Name the digestive function of the esophagus
passageway for food and fluids, no digestive role
The presence of agglutinogen A results in which blood type?
Type A
_____ refers to the clinging of phagocytes to the inner walls of capillaries and post-capillary venules.
Margination
Define “Hormones”.
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Chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extracellular matrix
After hollowing out and forming a pocket, the morula becomes a ___
blastocyst
ADH is secreted by the _____
hypothalamus
The parathyroid gland is stimulated to secrete PTH by the _____
Hypothalamus
List the major endocrine glands
- Hypothalamus
- Anterior pituitary
- Posterior pituitary
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Adrenal Cortex
- Adrenal Medulla
- Pancreas
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle actively reabsorbs ___
salt
Blood flow is directly proportional to ____ and inversely proportional to ____.
Blood pressure, resistance
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Substances such as ____ are secreted from blood vessels into the distal convoluted tubule to be mixed and excreted with urine
ammonia, urea, uric acid, excess K+ & H+ ions, and penicillin
Fetal development occurs at what point in gestation?
9 weeks to birth
Gas exchange in the lungs depends on several factors including:
partial pressure gradients & solubilities, ventilation-perfusion coupling, respiratory membrane structure
The outer trophoblast layer of the blastocyst secretes ___
hCG
____ complete the pathway of the heart’s electrical system through the inter ventricular septum.
Purkinje Fibers
Blood plasma is ____
a sticky, straw-colored fluid made up of mostly water along with a mixture of both organic and inorganic substances dissolved within it, including proteins and plasma proteins
____ & ____ regulate blood calcium levels
T3/T4 & PTH
During ____ the blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus
implantation
Describe the composition of semen
fructose, prostaglandins, sperm, secretions from the prostate
The parathyroid gland produces & secretes ____
PTh
Pregnancy is defined as ___
the events that occur from fertilization to birth
The placenta is considered the _____
site of exchange
___ forms & stores feces
Large Intestine
The hormones LH & FSH are controlled by ___
GnRH
The ___ is the primary site of lipid digestion
Small intestine
What is the function of platelets?
forming clots to seal small tears in blood vessels walls
Sperm is produced by the ___
testes
The Ectoderm of the gastrula differentiates to form the ____
nervous system, and skin, hair, and nails
By which two means is O2 transported from the lungs to the cells?
Dissolved in plasma and bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin
The endocrine system is _
a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
___ is the term for the mitosis of the Zygote
cleavage
The alarm, or fight-or-flight stage of stress results in the production of what hormone?
epinephrine/norepinephrine
After ____ days, the liver breaks down the old, dead RBCs.
100-120
GnRH is released by ____
the hypothalamus
_____ are inflammatory chemicals that act as homing devices for WBCs to migrate to the site of injury.
Chemotaxis
The ____ wave on an EKG is caused by ventricular depolarization.
T-wave
The ___ secretes a highly alkaline fluid that helps regulate pH of the male reproductive system
seminal vesicle
Name the digestive function of the small intestine
- Receiving chyme from the stomach to complete it’s digestion
- Absorbing products of digestion
- Transporting residues to the large intestine
The ____ produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens air, and is a resonance chamber for speech
nose
Platelets play a key role in hemostasis by ____, forming a plug that temporarily seals the break in the vessel wall.
Aggregating.
After mastication is complete, ___ takes place.
deglutition
The lease prevalent blood type with both antigens is ____
Type AB
Two functions of Lymph nodes are _____
Lymph filtration and immune system activation
The initial introduction of an antigen triggers the _____ response
primary humoral immune
Name the digestive function of the mouth
receiving and digesting food both mechanically and chemically
Female hormones that have an inhibitory effect:
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
Name the function of pancreatic amylase
breaking down carbs into disaccharides
The innate defenses make up the ____
general defense system
Trace the pathway of a sperm from the testes to the penile urethra
- Testes
- Epididymis
- Vas Deferens
- Ejaculatory duct
- Prostatic Urethra
- Membranous Urethra
- Penile Urethra
Plasma makes up ____% of whole blood
55%
What organs make up the upper respiratory tract?
- <!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?-->Nose
- nasal cavity
- sinuses
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
How does the hormone hCG effectively “pause” the menstrual cycle in order to prevent the loss of the embryo during the 1st trimester?
by inhibiting the anterior pituitary gland from secreting FSH & LH
During hemostasis, ____, ____, and ____ occur is rapid succession.
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
____ is the enzyme released by the kidneys that results in the formation of Angiotensin II
Renin
___ is stored in the gallbladder
Bile
Mucous membranes and skin secrete small amounts of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides called _____
defensins
The posterior pituitary gland secretes _____ which are received ready-made by the hypothalamus
neurohormones
Name the enzymes secreted by the pancreas
pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and nuclease
List the sequence of events that take place during expiration.
Respiratory muscles relax to decrease thoracic volume Decreased volume leads to increased pressure Air flows out of the lungs
Tubular secretion takes place in the ___
distal convoluted tubule
The function of the Fallopian tubes:
site of fertilization; transports oocytes to the uterus
How is CO2 transported in blood?
Dissolved in plasma, Chemically bound to the glob in of the hemoglobin in RBCs, and as bicarbonate ions in plasma
The _____ is activated when a person is reintroduced to a pathogen after surviving initial exposure
secondary humoral immune response
Coagulation reinforces the platelet plug formation with ____ that act as a “molecular glue” for the aggregated cells.
Fibrin threads
The _____ is the maturation site of lymphocytes
Thymus
The ____ wave results from movement of the depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria
P-wave
The function of the urethra is ___
carrying urine from the bladder to the body exterior
The ____ sets the pace for the heart.
SA node
ACTH controls the _____ of the adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
The placenta secretes _____
pregnancy-maintaining hormones
GnRH controls the release of what two hormones?
FSH & LH
What percentage of CO2 is carried in blood as bicarbonate ions?
70%
The O blood group has which agglutinogens?
Neither
List the 3 layers of the gastrula:
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
What are the primary organs of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries
Once a basophilic erythroblast synthesizes enough hemoglobin and accumulates enough iron, it transforms into a ____ and then a ____
Polychromatic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast
In fetal circulation, once the blood has entered the heart, since pulmonary circulation isn’t necessary beyond lung growth, blood is shunted from the right ventricle to the left ventricle via the ____
foramen ovale
The primary mechanism of enzymatic matabolism is ___
Hydrolysis
The long cardiac refractory period normally prevents ____
tetanic contractions
In small doses, estrogen has what kind of effect?
inhibitory
In fetal circulation, from the ductus venosus, blood travels to the ___
inferior vena cava
The ____ of the blastocyst forms the body of the baby
inner cell mass
Despite the low pressure gradient of CO2, there is an equal rate of exchange in the respiratory gases due to ___
the high solubility of CO2
Oxytocin is secreted by the _____
hypothalamus
The spaces between the foot processes of podocytes are called ___
filtration slits
What factors affect the release of O2 to cells?
Low PO2 (partial pressure gradients) in tissue cells and high PO2 in blood
The measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes throughout the vessels is ____
resistance
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
The ANS reduces blood pressure by altering ____
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
____ is the birth process
parturition
The Theca Folliculi secretes what hormones?
estrogen & inhibin
Name the digestive function of the liver
metabolizing carbs, lipids, and proteins
storing glycogen
filtering blood
removing toxins
Secreting bile
List two functions of progesterone
Maintaining uterus lining & inhibiting LH & FSH
The ____ on an EKG is the period from the beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular repolarization.
Q-T interval
The ___ is the maturation site of sperm
epididymis
___ from chief cells and ___ from parietal cells in the stomach react to form ___
Pepsinogen, HCl; pepsin
_____ is a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
Th endocrine system
The sensation of pain in the inflammatory response is due to _____ as a result of _____
the pressing of nerve endings, swelling
The ___ is the major source of fat-digesting enzymes, called lipases
pancreas
The ____ is located inferior to the larynx on the anterior neck
Thyroid
During periods of stress, the adrenal gland releases ____ and ____
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
After birth, the umbilical blood vessels turns into the ____
umbilical ligament
In the ____ renal mechanism, the kidneys do the actual work for regulation of ____ .
Direct, blood volume
ADH accomplishes water retention by ___
increasing the number of aquaporins
The general functions of blood include ____
protection, transport, regulation, and distribution
The respiratory zone is composed of the ____
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Describe the function of nuclease
Breaking nucleic acids into nucleotides
External Respiration occurs in the ____
lungs
___ and ___ of the trophoblast layer intertwine to form the umbilical chord during placentation
Blood vessels & villi
Why is the respiratory membrane ideal for gas exchange?
It is thin and highly permeable, and has a high surface area
The mucosa of the stomach contains what special structures? Name the cells associated with these structures.
Gastric pits. Cells of the gastric pits include mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells
Transport of respiratory gases is achieved by the ____
cardiovascular system
_____ come into direct contact with target cells and induce them to undergo apoptosis
Natural Killer cells
Inactive enzyme secreted by chief cells in the stomach
Pepsinogen
After birth, the foramen ovale seals to form the ____
fossa ovalis
after the first trimester, ____ maintains the uterine wall, suppresses it’s contractions, enlarges the vagina, stimulates breast development and prepares the mammary glands for milk secretion
placental progesterone
____ and ____ are directly involved in the production and ejection of milk
OT and PRL
The ____ alters blood volume independently of hormones.
Direct renal mechanism
The anterior pituitary gland secretes what hormones?
Growth hormone (GH), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
The function of the Urinary bladder is ___
to serve as a temporary storage reservoir for urine
The ___ is the final portion of the male duct system
urethra
Diapedesis occurs in response to _____
continued chemical signaling from CAMs
Aldosterone is secreted by the ____
adrenal cortex
What are the body’s adaptive defenses against disease?
Humoral & Cellular immunity
The product of parietal cells in the stomach that makes the stomach juices extremely acidic:
HCl (hydrochloric acid)
The function of the uterus:
receiving & sustaining development of developing embryo
List the function of the ovaries
forming oocytes & female sex hormones
These cells can initiate not only their own depolarization, but that of the rest of the heart as well.
autorhythmic cells
Depending on which group of agglutinogens a person inherits, their blood type will be either ____
A, B, AB, or O
The paranasal sinuses have the same functions as the nose except they lack receptors for smell, and they help to ____
lighten the skull
List the 4 stages of fertilization:
sperm transport
acrosomal reaction & sperm penetration
blocking of polyspermy
completion of Meiosis II
The function of the urethra is ___
carrying urine from the bladder to the body exterior
In large amounts, estrogen has what kind of effect?
stimulatory
Water and dissolved minerals filtered out of the glomerulus are captured by the ___
Bowman’s capsule
What is the function of the testes?
To produce sperm and male hormones
In response to ____, the testes secrete testosterone at puberty
LH
Any reintroduction of an antigen to the body after the primary immune response has taken place, results in the _____
secondary humoral immune response
Tubular reabsorption takes place in the ___
proximal convoluted tubule
The ____ also functions to help expose the immune system to inhaled antigens
pharynx
Gestational period is considered to be approximately how long?
280 days or 40 weeks
Function of Prostate Gland secretions:
neutralizing seminal fluid and the vagina
The presence of agglutinogen B results in ____ blood.
Type B
Long-term BP regulation is achieved by the kidneys altering ____ over time.
Blood volume
The mucosa of the small intestine have two distinct structures on them, what are they?
Villi & intestinal crypts
The ___functions to reabsorb water and electrolytes
Large intestine
PRL stimulates and sustains _____
milk production
Salt is actively reabsorbed by the ___
ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Cardiac muscle cells that are self-excitable are called ____
Autorhythmic cells
Paired composite organs that flank the mediastinum in the thorax
lungs
