Blood, Heart, & Blood Vessels Flashcards
Test/quiz preparation
____ circulation functions only for the exchange of gases
Pulmonary
Exchange occurs at capillary beds because of:
Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
_____ account for most of the named arteries studied in the anatomy laboratory
Muscular arteries
____ is the build up of plaque in arteries that can develop into blockage.
Atherosclerosis
____ are formed from merging venules.
Veins
____ are blood vessels that have valves
Veins
3 types of arteries are:
Elastic, muscular, and arterioles
The cardiovascular center of the brain consists of the ____
Cardiac centers and the vasomotor center
____ is the joining together of blood vessels to allow for alternative routes for blood to reach the same organ.
Vascular anastomosis
Arteries have a smaller ____ and thicker ____ than corresponding veins
Lumen, tunica
____ is low blood pressure
Hypotension
Resistance is regulated by physical factors including:
Blood vessel diameter, blood viscosity, blood vessel length
Vasoconstriction is directly triggered by the hormone ____
Angiotensin II
Explain what happens to the heart of a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
The heart muscle becomes thickened and causes interference with the heart’s electrical systems
Veins tend to collapse because:
They have thinner tunica and larger lumen than corresponding veins
Oxygen-poor blood is drained from the liver via the ____
Hepatic veins
When measuring BP, the pressure read when the first tapping sounds are heard is the ____ pressure.
Systolic
The middle tunic is the ____.
Tunica Media
Indirect renal mechanisms involve the use of ____ to regulate BV.
Hormones
Anastomosis occurs more frequently in ____.
Veins
True or False: There are brachiocephalic veins in the left and right superior regions of the body.
True
Larger ____ have all three tunics, but their tunica media is chiefly smooth muscle with a few scattered elastic fibers.
Arterioles
The middle layer in blood vessels, composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
Tunica Media
____ does not directly serve the metabolic needs of the body.
Pulmonary circulation
____ capillaries are similar to the continuous variety except that the endothelial cells are riddled with oval pores, called ____.
Fenestrated, fenestrations
The outermost layer of a blood vessel is called the ____.
Tunica externa
Oxygen-poor blood is drained from the kidneys via the ____.
Renal veins
T/F: There are brachiocephalic trunks in the left and right superior regions of the body.
False
These arteries are the largest in diameter:
Elastic arteries
____ triggers the retention of water.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
In ____ there is an elastic membrane on each face of the tunica media.
Muscular arteries
____ are continuous in the sense that their endothelial cells are joined together by tight junctions, providing an uninterrupted lining.
Continuous capillaries.
Most neural controls there determine regulate blood pressure operate via reflex arcs involving ____.
Baroreceptors
Baroreceptors sympathetically stimulate the release of renin by the ____.
Kidneys
Defined as the tendency of fluid to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration:
osmotic gradient/osmotic pressure
A person whose heart muscle becomes thickened shows signs of ____.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
____ are the thick-walled arteries near the heart.
Elastic arteries
____ supply blood to the myocardium; branches off of the ____.
Right & left coronary arteries; ascending Aorta
Hypertension is characterized by a sustained increase in blood pressure over ____
140/90
Smaller ____ are little more than a single layer of smooth muscle cells spiraling around the endothelial lining.
Arterioles
____ form when the valves in veins weaken of collapse due to muscular constriction, such as obesity or pregnancy.
Varicose veins
Interweaving, interdependent network of capillaries:
Capillary beds
The ANS reduces blood pressure by altering ____
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Oxygen-rich blood is supplied to the liver via the ____
Hepatic artery proper
____ form anastomoses more frequently
Veins
T/F: The celiac truck branches from the abdominal aorta to provide blood supply to the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity
True
The ____ alters blood volume independently of hormones.
Direct renal mechanism
Arteries run deep while veins ____.
run both deep and superficially
When aortic pressure drops to its lowest level during vascular relaxation, it is called the ____ pressure.
Diastolic
____ connects arterioles & venules; act as the exchange sites for blood
Capillaries
Oxygen-rich blood is supplied to the legs via the ____
Femoral arteries
Short-term regulation of blood pressure is maintained by ____ and ____.
the nervous system and blood borne hormones
Renin acts as an enzyme, ultimately generating ____, which stimulates intense vasoconstriction, promoting a rapid rise in systemic blood pressure.
Angiotensin II
The walls of the smaller venues consists of ____
entirely endothelium
Oxygen-poor blood is routed to the hepatic portal vein from the ____, ____, and ____.
Superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and splenic vein
A person who’s ventricles have become dilated and cannot produce enough force to pump out blood exhibits signs of ____.
Dilated cardiomyopathy
____ is the enzyme released by the kidneys that results in the formation of Angiotensin II
Renin
Blood flow is directly proportional to ____ and inversely proportional to ____.
Blood pressure, resistance
____ arteries have a thick tunica media with a large smooth muscle content and little elastin
Muscular
____ is the opposition of blood flow
Resistance
Veins have ____ that depend on skeletal muscle contraction, breathing movements, and vasoconstriction to move blood toward the heart.
valves
Proportionately, muscular arteries have the thickest ____ of all vessels.
Tunica media
When taking blood pressure, the pressure at which the sounds disappear is the ____ pressure.
Diastolic
Dilated cardiomyopathy results in ____ .
The ventricles becoming dilated and unable to produce enough fore to pump blood out
Blood vessels form special connections called
vascular Anastomosis
The ____ relies on skeletal muscle activity to pump blood throughout the veins.
Muscular pump
The respiratory pump moves blood upward throughout the veins by ____
Breathing movements changing the pressure in the ventral body cavity
Disease of the heart in which the myocardium becomes enlarged and weakened
Cardiomyopathy
____ are highly modified, leaky capillaries found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla.
Sinusoids, or sinusoidal capillaries
In some cases, one endothelial cell forms the entire circumference of the ____ wall.
Capillary
The ____ contains the endothelium
Tunica intima
The activity of the smooth muscle cells in arteries is regulated by ____ and ____.
Vasomotor nerve fibers of the ANS and a large number of chemicals
Generally, the tunica media is the bulkiest layer in ____
Muscular arteries
The walls of veins are always ____ and their lumens ____ than those of corresponding arteries.
thinner, larger
____ mechanisms mediate long-term regulation of BP.
Renal
Elastic arteries are ____ pathways that conduct blood from the heart to the medium-sized arteries.
Low-resistance
Why do the names of the superficial veins not correspond to the names of any of the arteries?
Because there are no superficial arteries
Pressure results when flow is opposed by ____.
Resistance
Defined as the force exerted by fluid as it expands against the walls of the vessel it is contained in.
Hydrostatic pressure
The atria of the heart produce the hormone ____, which leads to a reduction in blood volume and blood pressure.
ANP
In the ____ system, the pressure inside the vessels lessens as the vessels get nearer to the heart.
Veinous.
The measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes throughout the vessels is ____
resistance
____ are pressure reservoirs, expanding and recoiling as the heart ejects blood.
Elastic arteries
____ are just large enough to allow limited passage of fluids and small solutes.
Intercellular clefts
The endothelial lining of ____ has fewer tight junctions and larger intercellular clefts than ordinary capillaries.
Fenestrated capillaries
____ are the arteries found closes to the heart.
Elastic arteries
The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the ____
Tunica externa
This pressure peak generated by ventricular contraction is called the ____ pressure.
Systolic
Blood pressure varies directly with ____ .
Blood volume
Systemic blood pressure is highest in the ____
Aorta
Chronically elevated blood pressure is called ____
Hypertension
____ are found wherever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs.
Fenestrated capillaries
____ contain more elastin than any other vessel type.
Elastic arteries.
____ are leaky & highly permeable
Capillaries
____ is the force per unit area exerted on a blood vessel wall.
Blood pressure (BP)
____ pinch off to limit blood flow.
Arterioles
Innermost layer of a blood vessel:
Tunica intima
____ are formed when capillaries marge.
Venules
Two types of cardiomyopathy are ____ and ____
dilated and hypertrophic
____ is a process that reduces the volume of blood in veins during stress.
Sympathetic Vasoconstriction
Hypotension is blood pressure below ____
100 mm Hg
____ triggers the release of ADH and Aldosterone to help regulated BV.
Angiotensin II
Sinusoids have ____ lumens, and are usually fenestrated.
large, irregularly shaped
Larger ____ have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells, and a thin tunica externa.
Venules
Blood pressure is regulated by physical factors including ____
cardiac output and peripheral resistance
The innermost tunic is the ____
Tunica Intima
The pumping action of the heart generates ____
Blood flow
The ____ carries the nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver, where it can be cleaned of toxins before it reaches the rest of the body.
Hepatic portal artery
Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex to promote the retention of ____
Sodium
____ deliver blood to specific body organs (sometimes called distributing arteries)
Muscular arteries
In the ____ renal mechanism, the kidneys do the actual work for regulation of ____ .
Direct, blood volume
The ____ provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues.
Systemic circulation
Long-term BP regulation is achieved by the kidneys altering ____ over time.
Blood volume
During periods of stress, the adrenal gland releases ____ and ____
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ____
Pulse pressure
____ and ____ carry blood back to the heart from the body.
Veins and venules
____ stimulates the kidneys to conserve water.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
____ are the smallest blood vessels
Capillaries
____ form a continuous circuit of tubes that carries blood from the heart to the body and back.
Blood vessels
____ and____ carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries and arterioles
The skeletal pump works by ____
Skeletal muscles surrounding the deep veins relaxing and contracting in order to “milk” the blood upward towards the heart
____ is the volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period.
Blood flow
Parasite killing granulocytes.control inflammation & allergic reactions
Eosinophils
About 85% of americans are Rh+, meaning their RBCs carry ____
the D antigen
The shape of ____ allows for maximal surface area.
Erythrocytes/RBCs
An ____ is anything the body perceives as foreign and that generates an immune response
Antigen
Phagocytic granulocytes:
Neutrophils
Proerythroblasts give rise to ____
Basophilic erythroblasts
Hemoglobin is made up of the red ____ bound to the ____
Heme pigment, protein Globin
Once a basophilic erythroblast synthesizes enough hemoglobin and accumulates enough iron, it transforms into a ____ and then a ____
Polychromatic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast
Blood accounts for approximately ____% of body weight.
8%
____ account for 2-4% of all WBCs and are approximately the size of Neutrophils.
Eosinophils
____ regulates the formation of platelets
Thrombopoietin
____ is characterized by an abnormally low white blood cell count.
Leukopenia
Erythropoiesis begins when a hematopoietic stem cell descendent called a ____ transforms into a proerythroblast.
Myeloid stem cell.
Leukocytes and platelets contribute ____% of blood volume
Most of the formed elements are not true cells because ____
They do not contain a nucleus
In blood, iron is transported loosely-bound to a transport protein called ____
Transferrin
The formed elements of blood and their percentages
Erythrocytes: 45% Plasma: 55% Leukocytes:
The rarest white blood cells accounting for only 0.5-1% of the leukocyte population.
Basophils
Their cytoplasm contains large, coarse, histamine-containing granules.
Basophils
When oxygen detaches tom iron in a hemoglobin, the hemoglobin resumes its former shape and the result is a ____
deoxyhemoglobin
The most common blood type in North America (nearly 85%) is ____
Type O+
In healthy males, hematocrit values vary between ____ , in females ____
47% ± 5%, 42% ± 5%
____ is an abnormal excess or erythrocytes
Polycythemia
____ are essential for the clotting process
Platelets
Anticoagulant granulocytes:
Basophils
____ are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation and are active phagocytes.
Neutrophils
When mismatched blood is transfused, a transfusion reaction occurs in which the recipients plasma agglutinins ____
attack the donor red blood cells.
Preformed antibodies present in the plasma are called ____
agglutinins
The four formed elements of blood are ____
Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
Antibody-producing Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
The general functions of blood include ____
protection, transport, regulation, and distribution
Since these RBC antigens promote agglutination, they are more specifically called ____
agglutinogens
Our body’s bacteria slayers are ____
Neutrophils
Blood is a fluid ____
connective tissue
When their lifespan is complete, RBCs are broken down. The ____ is stripped down and the amino acids recycled, and the ____ is released back into the blood stream.
Globin, heme
Plasma makes up ____% of whole blood
55%
The presence of neither A nor B agglutinogens results in which blood type?
Type O
The presence of agglutinogen A results in which blood type?
Type A
Damaged blood vessels respond to injury by ____
Constricting
Bilirubin is secreted as bile into the small intestine, and then ____
excreted in the feces
____ are leukocytes that produce antibodies.
Lymphocytes
Platelet deficiency
Thrombocytopenia
The most numerous WBCs, which account for ____% of WBC population are the ____
50-70%, Neutrophils
When an orthochromatic erythroblast has accumulated almost all of its hemoglobin, it ____
Extrudes it organelles and pinches off its nucleus
The nucleus of this leukocytes is distinctively U- or kidney-shaped.
Monocytes
After ____ days, the liver breaks down the old, dead RBCs.
100-120
Lymphocytes account for ____% of the WBC population.
25% or more
Overproduction of abnormal leukocytes occurs in ____ and infections mononucleosis.
leukemia
Too many erythrocytes or excessive oxygen in the blood stream depresses ____
EPO production
____ and ____ are protein-iron complexes that store toxic free iron ions.
Ferriten and hemosiderin
Cytoplasmic fragments of extraordinarily large cells called megakaryocytic:
platelets
During hemostasis, ____, ____, and ____ occur is rapid succession.
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
Vitamin E quinone is a potent ____
anticoagulant
Coagulation reinforces the platelet plug formation with ____ that act as a “molecular glue” for the aggregated cells.
Fibrin threads
____ have large, dark-purple nucleus that occupies most of the cells volume, the nucleus is usually spherical but may be slightly dented.
lymphocytes
The presence of agglutinogens A & B result in which blood type?
Type AB
Erythrocytes normally constitute about ____% of the total volume of blood. This is a percentage known as the ____ value.
45%, hematocrit
Depending on which group of agglutinogens a person inherits, their blood type will be either ____
A, B, AB, or O
When do reticulocytes usually become fully mature erythrocytes?
Within 2 days of being released into the blood stream
The composition of ____ varies continuously as cells remove or add substances to the blood.
Plasma
Erythrocytes are completely dedicated to their job of ____
Transporting respiratory gases
The lease prevalent blood type with both antigens is ____
Type AB
____ are leukocytes that have complex roles in many other diseases including allergies and asthma
Eosinophils
Uncontrolled body-wide clotting in undamaged vessels that may lead to hemorrhaging is called ____
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
____ give rise to reticulocytes.
Orthochromatic erythroblasts
Most oxygen carried in blood is bound to ____
hemoglobin
What is the function of erythrocytes?
Transporting O2 and CO2 throughout the blood stream
Undesirable, over-abundant clot formation (embolisms)
Thromboemolytic disorder
____ is a condition in which the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity is too low to support normal metabolism.
Anemia
What is the function of platelets?
forming clots to seal small tears in blood vessels walls
The presence of agglutinogen B results in ____ blood.
Type B
Monocytes account for ____% of WBCs
3-8%
The formed elements of blood originate from ____
red bone marrow
Blood plasma is ____
a sticky, straw-colored fluid made up of mostly water along with a mixture of both organic and inorganic substances dissolved within it, including proteins and plasma proteins
The ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of ____
agglutinogens A and B
The O blood group has which agglutinogens?
Neither
The ____ play the major role in EPO production.
Kidneys
The natural anticoagulant contained in basophil and mast cell granules as well as on the surface of endothelial cells is ____
Heparin
Neutrophils are what size compared to a RBC?
about twice as large
Clotting factor deficiency is called ____
Hemophilia
The protein that makes red blood cells red and binds easily and reversibly with oxygen is called ____
Hemoglobin
Albumin accounts for nearly 60% of ____
plasma proteins
The most important role of ____ is to lead the counterattack against parasitic worms.
Eosinophils
The glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the formation of erythrocytes is called ____
Erythropoietin (EPO)
When oxygen binds to iron in a hemoglobin, the hemoglobin is now called ____
oxyhemoglobin
Erythropoiesis is the ____
formation of erythrocytes
A phagocytic agranulocyte is the ____
Monocyte
Leukemia is ____ if it derives from stem cells, and ____ if it involves proliferation of later cell stages.
Acute, chronic
What is the function of leukocytes?
Protecting the body from invaders and warding off infection
Platelets play a key role in hemostasis by ____, forming a plug that temporarily seals the break in the vessel wall.
Aggregating.
The glycoprotein markers on the plans membrane of erythrocytes are called ____
antigens
The ____ on an EKG is the period from the beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular depolarization.
Q-T interval
The ____ returns blood from body areas below the diaphragm.
Inferior vena cava
____ are the discharging chambers of the heart
Ventricles
The ____ is continuous with the endothelial linings of the blood vessels leaving and entering the heart.
Endocardium
En electrocardiogram (ECG) is a ____
graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart
The ____ complex results from ventricular depolarization and precedes ventricular contraction.
QRS complex
The ____ circulation is the functional blood supply of the heart
Coronary
From the SA node, the depolarization wave spreads via gap junctions throughout the atria to the ____
AV node
The ____ wave results from movement of the depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria
P-wave
The superficial part of the pericardium is the ____
fibrous pericardium
The ____ are the receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart.
Atria
____ is an abnormally fast heart rate (more than 100 BPMs)
Tachycardia
The muscle bundles in the anterior portion of the right atria are called ____
pectinate muscles
____ complete the pathway of the heart’s electrical system through the inter ventricular septum.
Purkinje Fibers
Due to gap junctions, the myocardium behaves as a single, coordinated unit, or ____
functional syncitium
Between the parietal and visceral layers is the ____, which contains a film of serous fluid.
Pericardial cavity
____ , or abnormally low heart rate, may result from low body temperature, certain drugs, or parasympathetic nervous activation.
Bradycardia
Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the ____
serous pericardium
When the cardiac muscle cells reach threshold, ____ channels open
Ca2+ (calcium)
The chordae tendinae and the ____ serve as guy-wires that anchor the valve flaps.
Papillary muscles
The ____ layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium.
Parietal
The ability of cardiac muscle to depolarize and contract is ____
intrinsic
When the ____ contract, they propel blood out of the heart into the circulation
Ventricles
The bulk of the heart muscle is composed of ____ responsible for the heart’s pumping activity.
contractile muscle fibers.
The heart sound that occurs at the beginning of ventricular relaxation is the sound of the
SL valves closing
The heart continues to beat rhythmically even if all nerves connected to it are severed. This is due to ____
autorhythmic cells
The posterior and anterior regions of the right atrium are separated by a c-shaped ridge called the ____
Crista terminalis
The ____ collects blood draining from the myocardium
Coronary sinus
The left ventricle ejects blood into the ____
Aorta
3 functions of the fibrous pericardium are ____
Anchoring the hear to surrounding structures, protecting the heart, and preventing overfilling of the heart with blood.
Cardiac muscle cells that are self-excitable are called ____
Autorhythmic cells
During the ____ segment of the ECG, the entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized.
S-T segment
From the AV node, the impulse sweeps to the ____
AV bundle
____, or abnormally high heart rate, may result from elevated body temperature, stress, certain drugs, or heart disease.
Tachycardia
Tiny white collagen cords which anchor the valve cusps to the papillary muscles are called ____
chordae tendinae
The interatrial septum bears a shallow depression called the ____ that marks the spot where an opening once existed in the fetal heart.
fossa ovalis
These cells can initiate not only their own depolarization, but that of the rest of the heart as well.
autorhythmic cells
In cardiac cells, the ____ period lasts over 200 milliseconds.
absolute refractory
The brain center which causes a parasympathetic reduction in heart rate is called the ____
Cardioinhibitory center
____ increases when stroke volume increase of the dart beats faster.
Cardiac output
____ is a heart rate slower than 60 beats/min.
Bradycardia
Pulmonary veins enter the ____
left atrium
Inner layer of the pericardium which is an integral part of the heart wall is called the ____
visceral layer or pericardium
The term ____ referred to periods of cardiac contraction
Systole
Irregular ridges of muscle called ____ mark the internal walls of the ventricular chambers.
Trabeculae carnae
The internal partition that divides the heart longitudinally is called the ____ where it separates the atria, and the ____ where it separates the ventricles.
interatrial septum, interventricular septum
The ____ includes all events associated with the blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat.
cardiac cycle
The right ventricle pumps blood into the ____
pulmonary trunk
The ____ sets the pace for the heart.
SA node
The cells of the heart that make up the intrinsic conduction system of the heart are called ____
pacemaker cells or autorhythmic cells
The result of the influx of Na+ and the loss of K+ is that that membrane interior ____, also known as ____ .
becomes less and less negative, hyperpolarization
The first heart sound occurs as the ____ valves close/open.
AV valves close
The ____ is composed mainly of the cardiac muscle and forms the bulk of the heart.
Myocardium
The action potentials that spread throughout the heart to trigger its rhythmic contractions are called ____
pacemaker potentials
____ is essentially fatty buildup that clogs the coronary arteries.
Atherosclerosis
Connective tissue fibers in the myocardium form a dense network called the ____
fibrous cardiac skeleton
The ____ returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm.
Superior vena cava
The ____ is due to the special properties of the ion channels in the sarcolemma
pacemaker potential
The ____ is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.
superficial epicardium
The ____ is the time from the beginning go atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation.
P-R interval
Located on the inner myocardial surface, the ____ lines the inside of the heart chambers and covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves.
Endocardium
The auto rhythmic impulse of the heart is delayed at the ____
AV node
The long cardiac refractory period normally prevents ____
tetanic contractions
The hear is enclosed within the body cavity called the ____
mediastinum
____ make up most of the volume of the heart.
Ventricles
Cardiac pacemaker cells make up about ____% of cardiac muscle fibers.
1%
The right AV valve is called the ____
Tricuspid valve
The heart lies ____ to the vertebral column, and ____ to the sternum.
Anterior, posterior
Hyperpolarization at the end of an action potential both closes ____ channels and opens ____ channels.
K+ and slow Na+ channels
The ____ wave on an EKG is caused by ventricular depolarization.
T-wave
The ____ consists of non contractile cardiac cells specialized to initiate and distribute impulses throughout the heart.
intrinsic cardiac conduction system
The AV bundle splits into the right and left ____
bundle branches
____ in cardiac muscle cells tie all of the individual cells together electorally to coordinate them as one unit.
Gap junctions
The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the ____
pericardium
The brain center which triggers the heart to speed up in times of stress is the ____
cardioacceleratory center
____ is the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute.
cardiac output
Once cardiac depolarization is complete, ____ channels close.
K
The left AV valve with two cusps is called the ____
Bicuspid or mitral
The heart sound the occurs at the beginning of ventricular relaxation is the sound of the ____
SL valves closing
____ refers to the period of relaxation in either the ventricles or the atria.
Diastole.
