Lymphatic, Endocrine, & Immune Flashcards
1
Q
The lymphatic system returns _____ to the blood stream
A
Interstitial fluid
1
Q
Lymphatic trunks eventually feed into the _____
A
lymphatic ducts
1
Q
_____ protect the body by producing daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood.
A
B cells, or B lymphocytes
1
Q
The largest, most often infected tonsils are the _____
A
Palatine
1
Q
There are _____ types of TLRs
A
11
1
Q
When leukocytes and macrophages are exposed to foreign substances, they release chemicals called _____ which act on the body’s thermostat, raising the body’s temperature
A
Pyrogens
1
Q
_____ is the ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate
A
Immunogenicity
1
Q
Buboes is a disorder in which ____
A
the lympph nodes become overwhelmed by pathogens and are inflamed
1
Q
Active artificial antibody production is due to ____
A
vaccination
1
Q
____ is the ability to self-recognize
A
Positive selection
1
Q
Helper T cells secrete ____ which activate cytotoxic T cells
A
Cytokines
1
Q
Helper T cells help activate ____
A
CD8/cytotoxic T cells
1
Q
LF is transmitted by ____
A
Bites from mosquitos which transmits embryonic filariae
1
Q
Oxytocin is secreted by the _____
A
hypothalamus
1
Q
ADH controls _____
A
the amount of water the kidneys excrete
1
Q
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH all regulate the function of the ____ gland
A
Thyroid
1
Q
Aldosterone is secreted by the ____
A
adrenal cortex
1
Q
____ stimulates the production of estrogen
A
FSH
1
Q
Melatonin regulates ____
A
the sleep/wake cycle
2
Q
The immune system is a _____ system
A
functional
2
Q
Helper & regulatory T cells originate from ____
A
CD4 cells
2
Q
_____ are chemicals that effect cell types other than those releasing them.
A
Paracrines
2
Q
The posterior pituitary gland secretes _____ which are received ready-made by the hypothalamus
A
neurohormones
3
Q
Endocrine glands are highly _____
A
vascularized
4
The posterior pituitary gland serve what purpose?
Storing and releasing OT and ADH synthesized by the hypothalamus
4
Deficiency in GH can lead to \_\_\_\_\_
dwarfism
5
The _____ is triggered when body tissues are injured or when infected.
inflammatory response
5
Exudate causes local \_\_\_\_\_
swelling
5
Glucagon is produced & secredted by the \_\_\_\_\_
Pancreas
6
Antibodies are also called \_\_\_\_\_
immunoglobulins
6
LF is commonly known as \_\_\_\_
elephantiasis or lymphedema
7
Each lymphatic duct empties its lymph at the junction of the _____ and the _____ on its own side of the body.
internal jugular and subclavian veins
7
\_\_\_\_\_ is a loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
Diffuse lymphoid tissue
7
In addition to histamine, other inflammatory chemicals include \_\_\_\_\_
kinins, prostaglandins, and compliment
7
AIDS stands for \_\_\_\_
acquired immunodeficiency syndrom
7
\_\_\_\_ & \_\_\_\_ regulate blood calcium levels
T3/T4 & PTH
9
The fluid leftover from capillary exchange becomes part of the \_\_\_\_\_
interstitial fluid
10
The Adrenal cortex produces & secretes \_\_\_\_\_
aldosterone, cortisol, & adrenal sex hormones
11
Prostaglandins and kinins have a _____ effect that also adds to the sensation of pain during inflammation.
sensitizing
11
\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_ are stimulated by sympatthetic impulses
Epinephrine & norepinephrine
12
The \_\_\_\_\_ is activated when a person is reintroduced to a pathogen after surviving initial exposure
secondary humoral immune response
13
The Right lymphatic duct empties its lymph into the \_\_\_\_\_
junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins.
13
Hormones contact nearly every cell of the body, but influence \_\_\_\_\_
only cells that have receptors for them
14
The major lymphatic trunks of the body are:
lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular, and intestinal
14
\_\_\_\_\_ is a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
Th endocrine system
15
Mobilization of _____ is regulated by hormones
the body's defense mechanisms
16
\_\_\_\_\_ are similar in anatomical structure to blood vessels, but they have more valves and thinner walls.
Lymphatic collecting vessels
16
\_\_\_\_ occurs when parasites are transferred to humans from insects
lymphatic filiariasis
17
Insulin is produced & secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_
Pancreas
18
The _____ are activation sites of lymphocytes which is part of the immune response
Lymph Nodes
19
The cells of the immune system identify potentially harmful substances by \_\_\_\_\_
binding to surface carbohydrates present on infectious organisms.
19
\_\_\_\_ is the site of production for all lymphocytes
Red bone marrow
19
T3 and T4 are functionally the same, except that __ is 5x more potent than \_\_
T3 is more potent than T4
21
The lymphatic system consists of \_\_\_\_\_
Lymphatic vessels Lymph Lymph nodes
21
\_\_\_\_\_ are inflammatory chemicals that act as homing devices for WBCs to migrate to the site of injury.
Chemotaxis
22
\_\_\_\_\_ is also called antibody mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
23
Chemicals within blood communicate with hormones to detect concentrations of substances in the blood as part of the \_\_\_\_ stimulus of the endocrine system
humoral
24
\_\_\_\_\_ are complement proteins that attach "handle bars" to bacteria and other pathogens so that phagocytes can grab ahold of them
Opsonins
25
\_\_\_\_\_ are formed in red bone marrow
Lymphocytes
26
The _____ stores and releases products from broken down RBCs
Spleen
26
The sensation of pain in the inflammatory response is due to _____ as a result of \_\_\_\_\_
the pressing of nerve endings, swelling
27
Glucagon & insulin regulate \_\_\_\_
blood glucose levels
28
Lymphatic capillaries have structural modifications called _____ that prevent the lymph from flowing back out of the capillary.
minivalves
30
The enzyme _____ destroys bacteria
Lysozyme
30
The term _____ refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
compliment system, or complement
31
\_\_\_ & ___ are produced and secreted by the thyroid
T3 and T4
32
\_\_\_\_\_ in the lymphatic system manage the immune response, and some of them directly attack and destroy infected cells
T cells or T lymphocytes
32
Antibodies are made up of \_\_\_\_
proteins
33
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Returning fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back to the blood
34
\_\_\_\_\_ are the strongest of all antigens
Proteins
35
The pituitary gland is seated in the \_\_\_\_\_
sella turcica
36
\_\_\_\_\_ is a condition in which the lymphatic vessels become severely inflamed, and the associated vasa vasorum become congested with blood, causing the superficial lymphatics to become visible as red lines that are sensitive to the touch.
Lymphangitis
38
Pathogens are cleaned out of the lymph at the \_\_\_\_\_.
lymph nodes
38
All inflammatory chemicals carry out their task by \_\_\_\_\_
dilating local arterioles and making capillaries more leaky
40
Oxytocin (OT) funcitons to \_\_\_\_\_
contract uterine walls and cells associated with milk production
40
The Pancreas å cells produce \_\_\_\_
glucagon
41
In complement activation, the _____ pathway involves antibodies.
Classical
41
The _____ pathway is triggered when spontaneously activated C3 and other complement factors interact on the surface of microorganisms.
alternative
41
The parathyroid gland is stimulated to secrete PTH by the \_\_\_\_\_
Hypothalamus
42
The pancreas produces and secretes \_\_\_\_\_
Glucagon & insulin
42
The parathyroid gland produces & secretes \_\_\_\_
PTh
44
The lymphatic vessels form a one-way system in which lymph flows \_\_\_\_\_
only toward the heart
45
In _____ soluble molecules are cross-linked into larger complexes that settle out of solution, making it much easier for phagocytes to capture and destroy them
Precipitation
45
The endocrine system is \_
a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
46
\_\_\_\_\_ is the fatty lymph that drains from the intestinal mucosa that is absorbed by the lymphatic capillaries called lacteals.
Chyle
47
The endocrine system is \_\_\_\_
a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
48
\_\_\_\_\_ is defined as when the body’s immune system loses the ability to distinguish between the body’s own cells and foreign antigens, and starts producing antibodies and cytotoxic T cells that destroy its own tissues
Autoimmunity
49
\_\_\_\_\_ become phagocytic when they encounter infectious material in the tissues.
Neutrophils
50
\_\_\_ regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins by increaseing metabolic activity & accelerating growth
T3 & T4
51
\_\_\_\_\_ moves glucose across cell membranes, stimulates glucose and fat storage, and promotes protein synthesis
insulin
52
The hallmark of the second line of defense for the innate defense system is \_\_\_\_\_
inflammation
53
The _____ empties its lymph into the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.
Thoracic duct
53
The lymph nodes have two histologically distinct regions called the _____ and the \_\_\_\_\_
cortex and medulla
54
Identify this WBC:
Basophil
54
Identify this WBC:
Lymphocyte
54
The 3 kinds of stimulants in the body are \_\_\_\_\_
humoral, neural, and hormonal
56
Endocrine glands are also called \_\_\_\_\_
ductless glands
57
MALT stands for \_\_\_\_\_
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
57
\_\_\_\_\_ is a lumpy collection of lymphoid follicles at the base of the tongue.
Lingual tonsil
58
The endocrine system influences metabolic activity by means of \_\_\_\_\_
hormones
59
\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of coating a pathogen with opsonins.
Opsonization
59
Negative feedback mechanisms control hormone secretions by \_\_\_\_\_
humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli
61
TLR's help to \_\_\_\_\_
trigger immune responses
62
\_\_\_\_\_ are the main warriors of the immune system
Lymphocytes
63
\_\_\_\_ are responsible for eliciting the humoral immune response
B cells
64
\_\_\_\_Increases blood calcium levels by inhibitin osteoblasts & stimulating osteoclasts
PTH
65
TSH controls the \_\_\_\_\_
thyroid gland
66
All of the lymphatic trunks are in pairs except for the \_\_\_\_\_
intestinal trunk
66
NK cells also secrete potent chemicals that enhance the \_\_\_\_\_
inflammatory process
66
\_\_\_\_ controls the rate of body metabolism & cellular oxidation
T3/T4
67
\_\_\_\_\_ tonsils surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx
Tubal
68
Lymphatic mini valves and collagen filament anchors are analogous to \_\_\_\_\_
one-way swinging doors
69
Because the body has already been primed for immunity to an antigen, the sensitized immune cells provide what is call \_\_\_\_\_
immunological memory
69
\_\_\_\_\_ is produced & secreted by the Adrenal Medulla
Epiephrine & Norepinephrine
70
Passive artificial antibody production is due to \_\_\_\_
injection of exogenous antibodies
71
\_\_\_\_\_ gather and destroy pathogens from food or inhaled air.
Tonsils
72
In all of the functions of antibodies except _____ the antibodies adhere to the pathogens to provide "handlebars" for macrophages to phagocytose the pathogen
complement fixation
73
This mucus traps many microorganisms:
Mucin
75
Antibodies cannot destroy antigens themselves, but rather \_\_\_\_\_
inactivate them and tag them for destruction
75
Some of the chemicals produced by the surface barriers of the immune system include \_\_\_\_\_
* acids
* enzymes
* mucin
* defensins
* Dermicidin
77
Cells that make their way past the first line of defense are met by \_\_\_\_\_
Phagocytes
78
\_\_\_\_\_ causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water
aldosterone
79
\_\_\_\_\_ result when the immune system damages tissue as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless
Hypersensitivities
80
Diapedesis occurs in response to \_\_\_\_\_
continued chemical signaling from CAMs
81
Where will you find the pancreas?
attached to the small intestine
82
\_\_\_\_\_ is an autoimmune disease which destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in a deficit of insulin and inability to use carbohydrates
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus
84
PRL stimulates and sustains \_\_\_\_\_
milk production
85
Exposure of the adaptive immune system to a pathogen, if survived, produces _____ in that organism
antibodies
86
Macrophages derive from \_\_\_\_\_
monocytes
88
Inflammatory chemicals that act as homing devices for WBCs to find inflammation sites are called \_\_\_\_\_
chemotactic agents
89
The anterior pituitary gland listens to the _____ to secrete hormones
hypothalamus
90
Identify this WBC:
Neutrophil
92
The _____ contain large lymph capillaries called lymph sinuses.
Lymph nodes
94
\_\_\_\_ is defined as circumstances that cause to immune system to weaken, fail, or act in a way that damages the body.
immunodeficiency
96
Mucous membranes and skin secrete small amounts of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides called \_\_\_\_\_
defensins
97
\_\_\_\_\_ engulf and destroy harmful particls in phagolysosome vesicles
Phagocytes
99
\_\_\_\_\_ are proteins secreted in response to an antigen by plasma cells
Antibodies
101
\_\_\_\_\_ accounts for two of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
Vasodilation
102
Lymph transport begins in \_\_\_\_\_
lymphatic capillaries
104
\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the clinging of phagocytes to the inner walls of capillaries and post-capillary venules.
Margination
106
The four signs of inflammation are \_\_\_\_\_
redness, heat, swelling, pain
106
In humans, ____ create OT
both men and women
108
FSH and LH are secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_
anterior pituitary gland
109
Lymphocytes mature into either _____ or \_\_\_\_\_
T lymphocytes/T cells or B lymphocytes/B cells
110
\_\_\_\_\_ supplement the sex hormones the gonads produce
Adrenal sex hormones
112
\_\_\_\_\_ are released by injured or stressed tissue cells or immune cells.
Inflammatory chemicals
114
Hormonal stimuli control hormone production by \_\_\_\_\_
responding to hormones produced by other endocrine glands
115
The acidity of skin secretions, or \_\_\_\_\_, inhibits bacterial growth
acid mantle
117
Once interstitial fluid has entered the lymphatic vessels, it is called \_\_\_\_\_
Lymph
118
Two types of lymphoid tissues are _____ and \_\_\_\_\_
Diffuse lymphoid tissue, and lymphoid follicles
120
CD4 cells become \_\_\_\_
Helper or regulatory T cells
121
The resistance stage, or long term adjustment to stress in the body, results in the production of what hormone?
cortisol
123
Lymphoid follicles are solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed \_\_\_\_\_
lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
125
\_\_\_\_ & ____ exert their actions on gonads or reproductive organs
FSH and LH
126
\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the flattening of neutrophils in order to squeeze through the endothelial cells of capillary walls
Diapedesis
126
Interferons (IFNs) work by diffusing to nearby, uninfected cells which they stimulate to synthesize proteins that block \_\_\_\_\_
protein synthesis and degrading viral RNA
126
The ____ is highly vascularized, bilobed, and sits beneath the hyoid bone
thyroid
127
Surface barriers protect the body from pathogens by \_\_\_\_\_
acting as physical barriers as well as producing chemicals
128
\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ are directly involved in the production and ejection of milk
OT and PRL
130
Synthesis of regulatory molecules like _____ are stimulated by hormonal action
enzymes
132
The adaptive immune system is both _____ and \_\_\_\_\_, and it \_\_\_\_\_
specific, systemic, has memory
133
\_\_\_\_\_ stimulates the liver to produce glucose
Glucagon
134
Two functions of Lymph nodes are \_\_\_\_\_
Lymph filtration and immune system activation
135
The production of progesteron is stimulated by \_\_\_\_
LH
137
The endocrine system produces & releases \_\_\_\_\_
hromones
138
Cytotoxic T cells develop from \_\_\_\_
CD8 cells
139
Peyer's patches are also called \_\_\_\_\_
Aggregated lymphoid nodules
140
\_\_\_\_\_ are cells produced by B lymphocytes that secrete antibodies into the blood.
Plasma cells
141
PTH affects \_\_\_, \_\_\_, & \_\_\_
bones, kidneys, & intesine
142
The _____ are the filtration and destruction sites of microorganisms from the lymph.
Lymph Nodes
144
\_\_\_\_\_ affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, & fat
Cortisol
145
The redness and heat of an inflamed region are both due to local _____ that occurs when local arterioles dilate
hyperemia
146
Cell growth and mitosis is stimulated by \_\_\_\_\_
growth hormone (GH)
147
Any reintroduction of an antigen to the body after the primary immune response has taken place, results in the \_\_\_\_\_
secondary humoral immune response
148
CD8 cells become \_\_\_\_
cytotoxic T cells
150
The first line of defense of the innate defense system is the \_\_\_\_\_
external body membranes: the skin and mucosa
150
B cells mature in the \_\_\_\_
Red bone marrow
151
Active, natural antibody production is due to \_\_\_\_
infection, contact with pathogen
152
About \_\_\_\_% of americans carry a gene that predisoses them to type 2 diabetes
25-30%
154
The pancreas is located \_\_\_\_
partially behind the stomach
156
Endocrine glands secrete their hormones into \_\_\_\_\_
surrounding tissue fluid
157
Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms:
Pathogens
158
Hormonal secretions are controlled through \_\_\_\_\_
negative feedback mechanisms
159
\_\_\_\_ is a disorder in which the lymph nodes become overwhelmed by pathogens and are inflamed
Buboes
160
The Pineal gland secretes \_\_\_\_
melatonin
162
The most voracious phagocytes are the \_\_\_\_\_
macrophages
163
The _____ is the body's specific defense system
adaptive immune system
164
Aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs produce their analgesic effects by inhibiting \_\_\_\_\_
prostaglandin synthesis
165
PRL is secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_
anterior pituitary gland
167
Due to the increase in local capillary permeability during the inflammatory response, _____ leaks from blood into the tissue spaces
exudate
168
Ultimately, hormones alter \_\_\_\_\_
cellular activity
170
\_\_\_\_\_ anchor the endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries to nearby structures so as to prevent their collapse in case of an increase of interstitial fluid.
Collagen filaments
171
Smalled proteins that work to interfere with protein synthesis of viruses are called \_\_\_\_\_
interferons
172
Lymphatic vessels carry _____ from the intestine to the blood.
Fat
174
Lymph transport is achieved by \_\_\_\_\_
muscular pump, breathing movements, pulsating arteries, smooth muscle in the tunica media, and valves that prevent backflow.
175
\_\_\_\_\_ is a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
Th endocrine system
176
The lymphoid organs and tissues house ______ that play an essential role in the body's defense mechanisms.
phagocytes and lymphocytes
177
\_\_\_\_\_ are solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers.
Lymphoid follicles, or nodules
179
Lymph is formed from _____ and _____ that leak from the blood capillaries
proteins and excess body fluids
181
Autoimmune diseases represent \_\_\_\_\_
A failure of self-tolerance
183
\_\_\_\_\_ enhances the effects of both the innate and adaptive defenses in the immune system
Complement
184
Hormones produced by the endocrine system are released into \_\_\_\_\_
the blood stream and lymph
185
Thryoid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is sereted by the \_\_\_\_\_
anterior pituitary gland
187
The fluid contained in the lymphatic vessels is called \_\_\_\_\_
Lymph
189
\_\_\_\_ & \_\_\_\_ regulate blood glucose levels
glucagon & insulin
191
Complement fixation into the antigenic cell's surface is followed by \_\_\_\_\_
cell lysis
192
Lymphatic capillaries are absent from \_\_\_\_\_
bones, teeth, bone marrow, and the entire CNS
194
\_\_\_\_\_ is the chief antibody defense used against cellular antigens.
Complement fixation
195
Hormonal action stimulates _____ synthesis
protein
196
\_\_\_\_\_ is an autoimmune disease which destroys the myelin sheath of white matter of the brain and spinal chord.
Multiple Sclerosis
198
When the immune system is operating effectively, it protects the body from \_\_\_\_\_
most infectious microorganisms, cancer cells, and transplanted organs and grafts.
199
The second line of defense for the innate defense system relies on \_\_\_\_\_
internal defenses
201
Salt and water balance in the ECF is maintained by the hormones \_\_\_\_
ADH & aldosterone
202
The anterior pituitary gland secretes what hormones?
Growth hormone (GH), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
204
Lymphocytes protect the body against \_\_\_\_\_
antigens
206
Some authorities consider _____ to be a 5th sigh of inflammation.
impaired function
208
Four types of tonsils are \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_
palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, and tubal
209
Cellular immunity, or cell-mediated immunity, is provided by \_\_\_\_\_
living cells which defend the body
211
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine are released by the \_\_\_\_
adrenal medulla
212
TLR stands for \_\_\_\_\_
toll-like receptor
213
The _____ stores blood platelets and monocytes for release when needed
Spleen
214
\_\_\_\_\_ is an immune response to invading microorganisms
Fever
215
Identify this WBC:
Eosinophil
216
In \_\_\_\_\_, an autoimmune disease, joints are systematically destroyed.
Rheumatoid arthritis
217
Lymphatic vessels have the same _____ as blood vessels
tunics
219
Swelling of the lymph nodes in the absence of pain or inflammation is a possible sign of \_\_\_\_
cancer metastasis
220
The scientific study of hormones and the endorince organs is called \_\_\_\_\_
endocrinology
221
As fluid pressure outside the lymphatic capillaries increases, the minivalves \_\_\_\_\_
open
222
When fluid pressure outside the lymphatic capillaries is less than the pressure inside the capillaries, the minivalves \_\_\_\_\_
close
223
One symptom of cancer metastasis appearing in the lymph nodes is \_\_\_\_
Swelling without inflammation or pain
224
ADH is secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_
hypothalamus
225
The immune system solves the issue of the external capsules around bacteria that act as a cloaking device by coating pathogens with \_\_\_\_\_
opsonins
226
\_\_\_\_ stimulate nervous system activty
T3 & T4
227
More than how many people are infected with some variety of filarial parasites?
200 million
229
\_\_\_\_\_ means congestion with blood, and relates to the inflammatory response
Hyperemia
230
\_\_\_\_\_ are produced & released by the endocrine system
hormones
231
Passive natural antibody production is due to \_\_\_\_
antibodies passed from mother to baby via placenta or mother's milk
233
Mast cells, which are part of the inflammatory response, release the inflammatory chemical \_\_\_\_\_
histamine
234
Secretory acivity is stimulated by \_\_\_\_\_
hormonal action
235
The \_\_\_\_\_ only serve as a storage and release facility for hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland
236
Patients of \_\_\_\_ typically develop long-term vascular and neural problems
Diabetes mellitus
237
HIV stands for \_\_\_\_
human immunodificiency virus
238
These hormones regulate the function of another endocrine gland.
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, & LH
239
The four functions of antibodies that assist or enhance immune responses are \_\_\_\_\_
neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation
240
List the major endocrine glands
* Hypothalamus
* Anterior pituitary
* Posterior pituitary
* Thyroid
* Parathyroid
* Adrenal Cortex
* Adrenal Medulla
* Pancreas
241
\_\_\_\_\_ produce the cellular network that supports other cell types in lymphoid tissues and organs.
Reticular cells
242
Thyroid hormones are stored in \_\_\_\_\_
colloid follicles
244
\_\_\_\_\_ is a fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies
Exudate
245
Patients of Type 2 DM display an inability to respond to insulin that is present in their blood, a condition called \_\_\_\_
insulin resistance
246
The \_\_\_\_ stimulates the intestines to absorb calcium during times of low blood-calcium levels
parathyroid
247
T cells mature in the \_\_\_\_
Thymus
248
Cytotoxic T cells secrete \_\_\_\_ & \_\_\_\_
perforins & granzymes
249
In the immune system, the _____ attacks particular foreign substances.
adaptive defense system
250
The \_\_\_\_\_ gland is situated in the sella turcica
pituitary
251
When enlarged, the pharyngeal tonsils are referred to as \_\_\_\_\_
Adenoids
252
\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when antibodies cross-link multiple antigens at one time, forming a lattice, which causes clumping
Agglutination
253
ACTH controls the _____ of the adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
254
The _____ is possibly a site of RBC production in unborn babies
Spleen
256
GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, & LH are all secreted by the \_\_\_\_
Anterior pituitary
257
HIV/AIDS attacks \_\_\_\_
CD4 cells
258
Who is at greatest risk for HIV/AIDS?
homosexual african american men
259
Lymphoid tissue is composed of a type of loose connective tissue called \_\_\_\_\_
reticular connective tissue
260
Define immunodeficiency.
Circumstances that cause the immune system to weaken, fail, or act in a way that damages the body.
261
ADH is secreted by the \_\_\_\_
Hypothalamus
262
The adaptive defenses are also known as \_\_\_\_\_
Immunity
263
Complements provide a major mechanism for \_\_\_\_\_
destroying foreign substances in the body
264
The MALT include the \_\_\_\_\_
Tonsils, Peyer's patches, and Appendix
265
Masses of lymphoid tissue that are not encapsulated:
Tonsils
266
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_
anterior pituitary gland
267
Interstitial fluid that enters the Lymphatic vessels is called \_\_\_\_\_
lymph
268
In one complement pathway, _____ bind specific sugars on the surface of microorganisms which then allows them to activate complement
lectin
269
Small molecules that by themselves are harmless, but linked together with the body's own proteins can be harmful are called \_\_\_\_\_
haptens
271
\_\_\_\_\_ are a unique group of defensive cells that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the adaptive immune system is activated.
Natural killer cells.
272
Connective tissue strands that extend inward on a lymph node to divide it into 2 parts are called \_\_\_\_\_
trabeculae
273
The two lymphatic ducts are the _____ and the \_\_\_\_\_
right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct
275
The \_\_\_\_ is located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid
276
NK cells kill cancerous or infected cells by \_\_\_\_\_
directly contacting the target cells and causing them to undergo apoptosis.
277
\_\_\_\_\_ come into direct contact with target cells and induce them to undergo apoptosis
Natural Killer cells
278
GH stimulates \_\_\_\_\_
cell growth and mitosis
279
Define "Hormones".
Chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extracellular matrix
280
The \_\_\_\_ is located inferior to the larynx on the anterior neck
Thyroid
281
The major hormones secreted by the hypothalamus are _____ and \_\_\_\_\_
ADH and OT (oxytocin)
282
The alarm, or fight-or-flight stage of stress results in the production of what hormone?
epinephrine/norepinephrine
284
Aldosterone, cortisol, & adrenal sex hormones are produced & secreted by the \_\_\_\_
Adrenal Cortex
285
\_\_\_\_\_ activate T cells
Macrophages
286
The innate defenses make up the \_\_\_\_
general defense system
287
Complement activation unleashes _____ that amplify all aspects of the inflammatory process
inflammatory chemicals
288
Autism is a disorder where the _____ does not fully develop
hypothalamus
289
The _____ is the maturation site of lymphocytes
Thymus
290
A \_\_\_\_\_ endocrine gland under-produces it's hormone product
hypoactive
291
\_\_\_\_\_ "police" the body and lymph.
Natural Killer cells
292
Negative feedback mechanisms control \_\_\_\_\_
hormonal secretions
293
The drainage vessels that collect excess interstitial fluid are called \_\_\_\_\_
lymphatics, or lymphatic vessels
294
The surge of protein-rich fluids into the tissue spaces during edema causes foreign material to be swept into \_\_\_\_\_
lymphatic vessels
295
Build up of T3 & T4 in the colloid follicles causes \_\_\_\_
goiter
296
Neural stimuli control hormone secretion by \_\_\_\_\_
direct innervation of the gland
297
HIV/AIDS can be caused by \_\_\_\_
body fluid transmission
298
Inflamed endothelial cells sprout _____ that act as signaling agents for neutrophils seeking out inflammation sites.
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
299
The Pancreas ß cells produce \_\_\_\_
insulin
300
A \_\_\_\_\_ endocrine gland over-produces it's hormone product
hyperactive
301
Identify this WBC:
Monocyte
302
The initial introduction of an antigen triggers the _____ response
primary humoral immune
303
The body's inate defenses against disease are \_\_\_\_\_
External body membranes, cells, & chemicals
304
Endocrine glands are \_\_\_\_\_ in nature
endocrine
305
Endocrine _____ are scattered throughout the body
glands
306
ACTH is secreted by the \_\_\_\_\_
anterior pituitary gland
307
Humoral stimuli control hormone secretion by \_\_\_\_\_
endocrine glands responding to changes in blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients
308
The hypothalamus is considered a \_\_\_\_\_ organ
neuroendocrine
309
Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which \_\_\_\_
the patient is hyperglycemic (high blood sugar)
310
PTH conserves ____ by controlling kidney excretions
blood calcium levels
311
Lymphatic collecting vessels merge to form \_\_\_\_\_
lymphatic trunks
312
In the _____ T cell antigens receptors bind to antigen-MHC complexes
Cellular immune response
313
In response to \_\_\_\_, the testes secrete testosterone at puberty
LH
314
\_\_\_\_\_ are chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them
autocrines
315
\_\_\_\_\_ causes changes in plasma membrane permeability and/or action potential
hormonal action
316
\_\_\_\_\_ is the ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released by immunogenic reactions
Reactivity
317
\_\_\_\_\_ are substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
Antigens
318
The doscovery of \_\_\_\_ in 1922 changed DM from a death sentence to a treatable disease
insulin
319
\_\_\_\_\_ is the increase in white blood cells in the blood stream in response to inflammation.
Leukocytosis
320
\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites on viruses or exotoxins
Neutralization
321
The _____ is a tubular offshoot at the proximal end of the large intestine
Appendix
