Lymphatic, Endocrine, & Immune Flashcards
The lymphatic system returns _____ to the blood stream
Interstitial fluid
Lymphatic trunks eventually feed into the _____
lymphatic ducts
_____ protect the body by producing daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood.
B cells, or B lymphocytes
The largest, most often infected tonsils are the _____
Palatine
There are _____ types of TLRs
11
When leukocytes and macrophages are exposed to foreign substances, they release chemicals called _____ which act on the body’s thermostat, raising the body’s temperature
Pyrogens
_____ is the ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate
Immunogenicity
Buboes is a disorder in which ____
the lympph nodes become overwhelmed by pathogens and are inflamed
Active artificial antibody production is due to ____
vaccination
____ is the ability to self-recognize
Positive selection
Helper T cells secrete ____ which activate cytotoxic T cells
Cytokines
Helper T cells help activate ____
CD8/cytotoxic T cells
LF is transmitted by ____
Bites from mosquitos which transmits embryonic filariae
Oxytocin is secreted by the _____
hypothalamus
ADH controls _____
the amount of water the kidneys excrete
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH all regulate the function of the ____ gland
Thyroid
Aldosterone is secreted by the ____
adrenal cortex
____ stimulates the production of estrogen
FSH
Melatonin regulates ____
the sleep/wake cycle
The immune system is a _____ system
functional
Helper & regulatory T cells originate from ____
CD4 cells
_____ are chemicals that effect cell types other than those releasing them.
Paracrines
The posterior pituitary gland secretes _____ which are received ready-made by the hypothalamus
neurohormones
Endocrine glands are highly _____
vascularized
The posterior pituitary gland serve what purpose?
Storing and releasing OT and ADH synthesized by the hypothalamus
Deficiency in GH can lead to _____
dwarfism
The _____ is triggered when body tissues are injured or when infected.
inflammatory response
Exudate causes local _____
swelling
Glucagon is produced & secredted by the _____
Pancreas
Antibodies are also called _____
immunoglobulins
LF is commonly known as ____
elephantiasis or lymphedema
Each lymphatic duct empties its lymph at the junction of the _____ and the _____ on its own side of the body.
internal jugular and subclavian veins
_____ is a loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
Diffuse lymphoid tissue
In addition to histamine, other inflammatory chemicals include _____
kinins, prostaglandins, and compliment
AIDS stands for ____
acquired immunodeficiency syndrom
____ & ____ regulate blood calcium levels
T3/T4 & PTH
The fluid leftover from capillary exchange becomes part of the _____
interstitial fluid
The Adrenal cortex produces & secretes _____
aldosterone, cortisol, & adrenal sex hormones
Prostaglandins and kinins have a _____ effect that also adds to the sensation of pain during inflammation.
sensitizing
_____ and _____ are stimulated by sympatthetic impulses
Epinephrine & norepinephrine
The _____ is activated when a person is reintroduced to a pathogen after surviving initial exposure
secondary humoral immune response
The Right lymphatic duct empties its lymph into the _____
junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins.
Hormones contact nearly every cell of the body, but influence _____
only cells that have receptors for them
The major lymphatic trunks of the body are:
lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular, and intestinal
_____ is a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
Th endocrine system
Mobilization of _____ is regulated by hormones
the body’s defense mechanisms
_____ are similar in anatomical structure to blood vessels, but they have more valves and thinner walls.
Lymphatic collecting vessels
____ occurs when parasites are transferred to humans from insects
lymphatic filiariasis
Insulin is produced & secreted by the _____
Pancreas
The _____ are activation sites of lymphocytes which is part of the immune response
Lymph Nodes
The cells of the immune system identify potentially harmful substances by _____
binding to surface carbohydrates present on infectious organisms.
____ is the site of production for all lymphocytes
Red bone marrow
T3 and T4 are functionally the same, except that __ is 5x more potent than __
T3 is more potent than T4
The lymphatic system consists of _____
Lymphatic vessels Lymph Lymph nodes
_____ are inflammatory chemicals that act as homing devices for WBCs to migrate to the site of injury.
Chemotaxis
_____ is also called antibody mediated immunity
Humoral immunity
Chemicals within blood communicate with hormones to detect concentrations of substances in the blood as part of the ____ stimulus of the endocrine system
humoral
_____ are complement proteins that attach “handle bars” to bacteria and other pathogens so that phagocytes can grab ahold of them
Opsonins
_____ are formed in red bone marrow
Lymphocytes
The _____ stores and releases products from broken down RBCs
Spleen
The sensation of pain in the inflammatory response is due to _____ as a result of _____
the pressing of nerve endings, swelling
Glucagon & insulin regulate ____
blood glucose levels
Lymphatic capillaries have structural modifications called _____ that prevent the lymph from flowing back out of the capillary.
minivalves
The enzyme _____ destroys bacteria
Lysozyme
The term _____ refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
compliment system, or complement
___ & ___ are produced and secreted by the thyroid
T3 and T4
_____ in the lymphatic system manage the immune response, and some of them directly attack and destroy infected cells
T cells or T lymphocytes
Antibodies are made up of ____
proteins
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Returning fluids that have leaked from the blood vascular system back to the blood
_____ are the strongest of all antigens
Proteins
The pituitary gland is seated in the _____
sella turcica
_____ is a condition in which the lymphatic vessels become severely inflamed, and the associated vasa vasorum become congested with blood, causing the superficial lymphatics to become visible as red lines that are sensitive to the touch.
Lymphangitis
Pathogens are cleaned out of the lymph at the _____.
lymph nodes
All inflammatory chemicals carry out their task by _____
dilating local arterioles and making capillaries more leaky
Oxytocin (OT) funcitons to _____
contract uterine walls and cells associated with milk production
The Pancreas å cells produce ____
glucagon
In complement activation, the _____ pathway involves antibodies.
Classical
The _____ pathway is triggered when spontaneously activated C3 and other complement factors interact on the surface of microorganisms.
alternative
The parathyroid gland is stimulated to secrete PTH by the _____
Hypothalamus
The pancreas produces and secretes _____
Glucagon & insulin
The parathyroid gland produces & secretes ____
PTh
The lymphatic vessels form a one-way system in which lymph flows _____
only toward the heart
In _____ soluble molecules are cross-linked into larger complexes that settle out of solution, making it much easier for phagocytes to capture and destroy them
Precipitation
The endocrine system is _
a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
_____ is the fatty lymph that drains from the intestinal mucosa that is absorbed by the lymphatic capillaries called lacteals.
Chyle
The endocrine system is ____
a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
_____ is defined as when the body’s immune system loses the ability to distinguish between the body’s own cells and foreign antigens, and starts producing antibodies and cytotoxic T cells that destroy its own tissues
Autoimmunity
_____ become phagocytic when they encounter infectious material in the tissues.
Neutrophils
___ regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, & proteins by increaseing metabolic activity & accelerating growth
T3 & T4
_____ moves glucose across cell membranes, stimulates glucose and fat storage, and promotes protein synthesis
insulin
The hallmark of the second line of defense for the innate defense system is _____
inflammation
The _____ empties its lymph into the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.
Thoracic duct
The lymph nodes have two histologically distinct regions called the _____ and the _____
cortex and medulla
Identify this WBC:
Basophil
Identify this WBC:
Lymphocyte
The 3 kinds of stimulants in the body are _____
humoral, neural, and hormonal
Endocrine glands are also called _____
ductless glands
MALT stands for _____
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
_____ is a lumpy collection of lymphoid follicles at the base of the tongue.
Lingual tonsil
The endocrine system influences metabolic activity by means of _____
hormones
_____ is the process of coating a pathogen with opsonins.
Opsonization
Negative feedback mechanisms control hormone secretions by _____
humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli
TLR’s help to _____
trigger immune responses
_____ are the main warriors of the immune system
Lymphocytes
____ are responsible for eliciting the humoral immune response
B cells
____Increases blood calcium levels by inhibitin osteoblasts & stimulating osteoclasts
PTH
TSH controls the _____
thyroid gland
All of the lymphatic trunks are in pairs except for the _____
intestinal trunk
NK cells also secrete potent chemicals that enhance the _____
inflammatory process
____ controls the rate of body metabolism & cellular oxidation
T3/T4
_____ tonsils surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx
Tubal
Lymphatic mini valves and collagen filament anchors are analogous to _____
one-way swinging doors
Because the body has already been primed for immunity to an antigen, the sensitized immune cells provide what is call _____
immunological memory
_____ is produced & secreted by the Adrenal Medulla
Epiephrine & Norepinephrine
Passive artificial antibody production is due to ____
injection of exogenous antibodies
_____ gather and destroy pathogens from food or inhaled air.
Tonsils
In all of the functions of antibodies except _____ the antibodies adhere to the pathogens to provide “handlebars” for macrophages to phagocytose the pathogen
complement fixation
This mucus traps many microorganisms:
Mucin
Antibodies cannot destroy antigens themselves, but rather _____
inactivate them and tag them for destruction
Some of the chemicals produced by the surface barriers of the immune system include _____
- acids
- enzymes
- mucin
- defensins
- Dermicidin
Cells that make their way past the first line of defense are met by _____
Phagocytes
_____ causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water
aldosterone
_____ result when the immune system damages tissue as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless
Hypersensitivities
Diapedesis occurs in response to _____
continued chemical signaling from CAMs
Where will you find the pancreas?
attached to the small intestine
_____ is an autoimmune disease which destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in a deficit of insulin and inability to use carbohydrates
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus
PRL stimulates and sustains _____
milk production
Exposure of the adaptive immune system to a pathogen, if survived, produces _____ in that organism
antibodies
Macrophages derive from _____
monocytes
Inflammatory chemicals that act as homing devices for WBCs to find inflammation sites are called _____
chemotactic agents
The anterior pituitary gland listens to the _____ to secrete hormones
hypothalamus
Identify this WBC:
Neutrophil
The _____ contain large lymph capillaries called lymph sinuses.
Lymph nodes
____ is defined as circumstances that cause to immune system to weaken, fail, or act in a way that damages the body.
immunodeficiency
Mucous membranes and skin secrete small amounts of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides called _____
defensins
_____ engulf and destroy harmful particls in phagolysosome vesicles
Phagocytes
_____ are proteins secreted in response to an antigen by plasma cells
Antibodies
_____ accounts for two of the cardinal signs of inflammation.
Vasodilation
Lymph transport begins in _____
lymphatic capillaries
_____ refers to the clinging of phagocytes to the inner walls of capillaries and post-capillary venules.
Margination
The four signs of inflammation are _____
redness, heat, swelling, pain
In humans, ____ create OT
both men and women
FSH and LH are secreted by the _____
anterior pituitary gland
Lymphocytes mature into either _____ or _____
T lymphocytes/T cells or B lymphocytes/B cells
_____ supplement the sex hormones the gonads produce
Adrenal sex hormones
_____ are released by injured or stressed tissue cells or immune cells.
Inflammatory chemicals
Hormonal stimuli control hormone production by _____
responding to hormones produced by other endocrine glands
The acidity of skin secretions, or _____, inhibits bacterial growth
acid mantle
Once interstitial fluid has entered the lymphatic vessels, it is called _____
Lymph
Two types of lymphoid tissues are _____ and _____
Diffuse lymphoid tissue, and lymphoid follicles
CD4 cells become ____
Helper or regulatory T cells
The resistance stage, or long term adjustment to stress in the body, results in the production of what hormone?
cortisol
Lymphoid follicles are solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed _____
lymphoid cells and reticular fibers
____ & ____ exert their actions on gonads or reproductive organs
FSH and LH
_____ refers to the flattening of neutrophils in order to squeeze through the endothelial cells of capillary walls
Diapedesis
Interferons (IFNs) work by diffusing to nearby, uninfected cells which they stimulate to synthesize proteins that block _____
protein synthesis and degrading viral RNA
The ____ is highly vascularized, bilobed, and sits beneath the hyoid bone
thyroid
Surface barriers protect the body from pathogens by _____
acting as physical barriers as well as producing chemicals
____ and ____ are directly involved in the production and ejection of milk
OT and PRL
Synthesis of regulatory molecules like _____ are stimulated by hormonal action
enzymes
The adaptive immune system is both _____ and _____, and it _____
specific, systemic, has memory
_____ stimulates the liver to produce glucose
Glucagon
Two functions of Lymph nodes are _____
Lymph filtration and immune system activation
The production of progesteron is stimulated by ____
LH
The endocrine system produces & releases _____
hromones
Cytotoxic T cells develop from ____
CD8 cells
Peyer’s patches are also called _____
Aggregated lymphoid nodules
_____ are cells produced by B lymphocytes that secrete antibodies into the blood.
Plasma cells
PTH affects ___, ___, & ___
bones, kidneys, & intesine
The _____ are the filtration and destruction sites of microorganisms from the lymph.
Lymph Nodes
_____ affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, & fat
Cortisol
The redness and heat of an inflamed region are both due to local _____ that occurs when local arterioles dilate
hyperemia
Cell growth and mitosis is stimulated by _____
growth hormone (GH)
Any reintroduction of an antigen to the body after the primary immune response has taken place, results in the _____
secondary humoral immune response
CD8 cells become ____
cytotoxic T cells
The first line of defense of the innate defense system is the _____
external body membranes: the skin and mucosa
B cells mature in the ____
Red bone marrow
Active, natural antibody production is due to ____
infection, contact with pathogen
About ____% of americans carry a gene that predisoses them to type 2 diabetes
25-30%
The pancreas is located ____
partially behind the stomach
Endocrine glands secrete their hormones into _____
surrounding tissue fluid
Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms:
Pathogens
Hormonal secretions are controlled through _____
negative feedback mechanisms
____ is a disorder in which the lymph nodes become overwhelmed by pathogens and are inflamed
Buboes
The Pineal gland secretes ____
melatonin
The most voracious phagocytes are the _____
macrophages
The _____ is the body’s specific defense system
adaptive immune system
Aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs produce their analgesic effects by inhibiting _____
prostaglandin synthesis
PRL is secreted by the _____
anterior pituitary gland
Due to the increase in local capillary permeability during the inflammatory response, _____ leaks from blood into the tissue spaces
exudate
Ultimately, hormones alter _____
cellular activity
_____ anchor the endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries to nearby structures so as to prevent their collapse in case of an increase of interstitial fluid.
Collagen filaments
Smalled proteins that work to interfere with protein synthesis of viruses are called _____
interferons
Lymphatic vessels carry _____ from the intestine to the blood.
Fat
Lymph transport is achieved by _____
muscular pump, breathing movements, pulsating arteries, smooth muscle in the tunica media, and valves that prevent backflow.
_____ is a network of glands that sends hormones to the bloodstream to help coordinate homeostasis
Th endocrine system
The lymphoid organs and tissues house ______ that play an essential role in the body’s defense mechanisms.
phagocytes and lymphocytes
_____ are solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers.
Lymphoid follicles, or nodules
Lymph is formed from _____ and _____ that leak from the blood capillaries
proteins and excess body fluids
Autoimmune diseases represent _____
A failure of self-tolerance
_____ enhances the effects of both the innate and adaptive defenses in the immune system
Complement
Hormones produced by the endocrine system are released into _____
the blood stream and lymph
Thryoid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is sereted by the _____
anterior pituitary gland
The fluid contained in the lymphatic vessels is called _____
Lymph
____ & ____ regulate blood glucose levels
glucagon & insulin
Complement fixation into the antigenic cell’s surface is followed by _____
cell lysis
Lymphatic capillaries are absent from _____
bones, teeth, bone marrow, and the entire CNS
_____ is the chief antibody defense used against cellular antigens.
Complement fixation
Hormonal action stimulates _____ synthesis
protein
_____ is an autoimmune disease which destroys the myelin sheath of white matter of the brain and spinal chord.
Multiple Sclerosis
When the immune system is operating effectively, it protects the body from _____
most infectious microorganisms, cancer cells, and transplanted organs and grafts.
The second line of defense for the innate defense system relies on _____
internal defenses
Salt and water balance in the ECF is maintained by the hormones ____
ADH & aldosterone
The anterior pituitary gland secretes what hormones?
Growth hormone (GH), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
Lymphocytes protect the body against _____
antigens
Some authorities consider _____ to be a 5th sigh of inflammation.
impaired function
Four types of tonsils are _____, _____, _____, and _____
palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, and tubal
Cellular immunity, or cell-mediated immunity, is provided by _____
living cells which defend the body
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine are released by the ____
adrenal medulla
TLR stands for _____
toll-like receptor
The _____ stores blood platelets and monocytes for release when needed
Spleen
_____ is an immune response to invading microorganisms
Fever
Identify this WBC:
Eosinophil
In _____, an autoimmune disease, joints are systematically destroyed.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Lymphatic vessels have the same _____ as blood vessels
tunics
Swelling of the lymph nodes in the absence of pain or inflammation is a possible sign of ____
cancer metastasis
The scientific study of hormones and the endorince organs is called _____
endocrinology
As fluid pressure outside the lymphatic capillaries increases, the minivalves _____
open
When fluid pressure outside the lymphatic capillaries is less than the pressure inside the capillaries, the minivalves _____
close
One symptom of cancer metastasis appearing in the lymph nodes is ____
Swelling without inflammation or pain
ADH is secreted by the _____
hypothalamus
The immune system solves the issue of the external capsules around bacteria that act as a cloaking device by coating pathogens with _____
opsonins
____ stimulate nervous system activty
T3 & T4
More than how many people are infected with some variety of filarial parasites?
200 million
_____ means congestion with blood, and relates to the inflammatory response
Hyperemia
_____ are produced & released by the endocrine system
hormones
Passive natural antibody production is due to ____
antibodies passed from mother to baby via placenta or mother’s milk
Mast cells, which are part of the inflammatory response, release the inflammatory chemical _____
histamine
Secretory acivity is stimulated by _____
hormonal action
The _____ only serve as a storage and release facility for hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland
Patients of ____ typically develop long-term vascular and neural problems
Diabetes mellitus
HIV stands for ____
human immunodificiency virus
These hormones regulate the function of another endocrine gland.
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, & LH
The four functions of antibodies that assist or enhance immune responses are _____
neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation
List the major endocrine glands
- Hypothalamus
- Anterior pituitary
- Posterior pituitary
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Adrenal Cortex
- Adrenal Medulla
- Pancreas
_____ produce the cellular network that supports other cell types in lymphoid tissues and organs.
Reticular cells
Thyroid hormones are stored in _____
colloid follicles
_____ is a fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies
Exudate
Patients of Type 2 DM display an inability to respond to insulin that is present in their blood, a condition called ____
insulin resistance
The ____ stimulates the intestines to absorb calcium during times of low blood-calcium levels
parathyroid
T cells mature in the ____
Thymus
Cytotoxic T cells secrete ____ & ____
perforins & granzymes
In the immune system, the _____ attacks particular foreign substances.
adaptive defense system
The _____ gland is situated in the sella turcica
pituitary
When enlarged, the pharyngeal tonsils are referred to as _____
Adenoids
_____ occurs when antibodies cross-link multiple antigens at one time, forming a lattice, which causes clumping
Agglutination
ACTH controls the _____ of the adrenal gland
adrenal cortex
The _____ is possibly a site of RBC production in unborn babies
Spleen
GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, & LH are all secreted by the ____
Anterior pituitary
HIV/AIDS attacks ____
CD4 cells
Who is at greatest risk for HIV/AIDS?
homosexual african american men
Lymphoid tissue is composed of a type of loose connective tissue called _____
reticular connective tissue
Define immunodeficiency.
Circumstances that cause the immune system to weaken, fail, or act in a way that damages the body.
ADH is secreted by the ____
Hypothalamus
The adaptive defenses are also known as _____
Immunity
Complements provide a major mechanism for _____
destroying foreign substances in the body
The MALT include the _____
Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and Appendix
Masses of lymphoid tissue that are not encapsulated:
Tonsils
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the _____
anterior pituitary gland
Interstitial fluid that enters the Lymphatic vessels is called _____
lymph
In one complement pathway, _____ bind specific sugars on the surface of microorganisms which then allows them to activate complement
lectin
Small molecules that by themselves are harmless, but linked together with the body’s own proteins can be harmful are called _____
haptens
_____ are a unique group of defensive cells that can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the adaptive immune system is activated.
Natural killer cells.
Connective tissue strands that extend inward on a lymph node to divide it into 2 parts are called _____
trabeculae
The two lymphatic ducts are the _____ and the _____
right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct
The ____ is located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid
NK cells kill cancerous or infected cells by _____
directly contacting the target cells and causing them to undergo apoptosis.
_____ come into direct contact with target cells and induce them to undergo apoptosis
Natural Killer cells
GH stimulates _____
cell growth and mitosis
Define “Hormones”.
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Chemical messengers secreted by cells into the extracellular matrix
The ____ is located inferior to the larynx on the anterior neck
Thyroid
The major hormones secreted by the hypothalamus are _____ and _____
ADH and OT (oxytocin)
The alarm, or fight-or-flight stage of stress results in the production of what hormone?
epinephrine/norepinephrine
Aldosterone, cortisol, & adrenal sex hormones are produced & secreted by the ____
Adrenal Cortex
_____ activate T cells
Macrophages
The innate defenses make up the ____
general defense system
Complement activation unleashes _____ that amplify all aspects of the inflammatory process
inflammatory chemicals
Autism is a disorder where the _____ does not fully develop
hypothalamus
The _____ is the maturation site of lymphocytes
Thymus
A _____ endocrine gland under-produces it’s hormone product
hypoactive
_____ “police” the body and lymph.
Natural Killer cells
Negative feedback mechanisms control _____
hormonal secretions
The drainage vessels that collect excess interstitial fluid are called _____
lymphatics, or lymphatic vessels
The surge of protein-rich fluids into the tissue spaces during edema causes foreign material to be swept into _____
lymphatic vessels
Build up of T3 & T4 in the colloid follicles causes ____
goiter
Neural stimuli control hormone secretion by _____
direct innervation of the gland
HIV/AIDS can be caused by ____
body fluid transmission
Inflamed endothelial cells sprout _____ that act as signaling agents for neutrophils seeking out inflammation sites.
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
The Pancreas ß cells produce ____
insulin
A _____ endocrine gland over-produces it’s hormone product
hyperactive
Identify this WBC:
Monocyte
The initial introduction of an antigen triggers the _____ response
primary humoral immune
The body’s inate defenses against disease are _____
External body membranes, cells, & chemicals
Endocrine glands are _____ in nature
endocrine
Endocrine _____ are scattered throughout the body
glands
ACTH is secreted by the _____
anterior pituitary gland
Humoral stimuli control hormone secretion by _____
endocrine glands responding to changes in blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients
The hypothalamus is considered a _____ organ
neuroendocrine
Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which ____
the patient is hyperglycemic (high blood sugar)
PTH conserves ____ by controlling kidney excretions
blood calcium levels
Lymphatic collecting vessels merge to form _____
lymphatic trunks
In the _____ T cell antigens receptors bind to antigen-MHC complexes
Cellular immune response
In response to ____, the testes secrete testosterone at puberty
LH
_____ are chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them
autocrines
_____ causes changes in plasma membrane permeability and/or action potential
hormonal action
_____ is the ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released by immunogenic reactions
Reactivity
_____ are substances that can mobilize the adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
Antigens
The doscovery of ____ in 1922 changed DM from a death sentence to a treatable disease
insulin
_____ is the increase in white blood cells in the blood stream in response to inflammation.
Leukocytosis
_____ occurs when antibodies bind to specific sites on viruses or exotoxins
Neutralization
The _____ is a tubular offshoot at the proximal end of the large intestine
Appendix
