Respiratory & Digestive Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Describe the anatomy of the villi of the small intestine
A
Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli & goblet cells
1
Q
Describe the microscopic anatomy of the nasopharynx
A
Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
2
Q
___ breaks down proteins into polypeptides
A
Pepsin
3
Q
Hepatic lobules are formed from ___ radiating from the central vein
A
hepatocytes
3
Q
Paired composite organs that flank the mediastinum in the thorax
A
lungs
3
Q
Serous membranes of the lungs
A
pleurae
4
Q
Describe the mucosa of the esophagus:
A
Changes from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium at the gastroesopohageal junction
4
Q
What percentage of CO2 is chemically bound to globin?
A
just over 20%
5
Q
What does the submucosa of the esophagus contain?
A
Esophageal glands
5
Q
___ forms & stores feces
A
Large Intestine
5
Q
After mastication is complete, ___ takes place.
A
deglutition
5
Q
Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs during ____
A
External respiration
5
Q
What factors affect breathing rate and depth?
A
Changing levels of CO2, O2, and H+ in arterial blood
6
Q
___ releases hormones such as gastrin which regulate stomach secretions & motility
A
Enteroendocrine cells
7
Q
The two functions of the pharynx are ____ and ____
A
making a passageway for air and food; exposing the immune system to inhaled antigens
8
Q
Name the enzymes secreted by the pancreas
A
pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and nuclease
8
Q
RV stands for ___ and represents which air volume?
A
The amount of air that remains in the alveolar sacs even after a strenuous expiration.
9
Q
The ____ house respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi
A
lungs
10
Q
External Respiration occurs in the ____
A
lungs
11
Q
The alveoli function as ____
A
the main sites of gas exchange
12
Q
Inactive enzyme secreted by chief cells in the stomach
A
Pepsinogen
13
Q
The RV contains about how much volume?
A
1200 ml
14
Q
The ____ also functions to help expose the immune system to inhaled antigens
A
pharynx
15
Q
Name all of the sphincters of the alimentary canal
A
Gastroesopohageal/cardiac sphincter
Pyloric Sphincter
Ileocecal sphincter
hepatopancreatic sphincter
Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter
15
The cardiovascular system works hand in hand with the respiratory system to accomplish \_\_\_\_
transport of respiratory gases
15
The conducting zone organs carry out the functions of \_\_\_\_
cleansing, humidifying, and warming incoming air
16
Mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities in cranial bones surrounding the nasal cavity are called \_\_\_\_
paranasal sinuses
16
List the sequence of events that take place during expiration.
Respiratory muscles relax to decrease thoracic volume Decreased volume leads to increased pressure Air flows out of the lungs
17
Clusters of cells of the pancreas that secrete pancreatic juice:
Acini
17
\_\_\_ breaks peptides into amino acids
Peptidase
17
Describe the mucosa of the large intestine
Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
18
Name the function of the gallbladder
stores bile & releases it in response to hormonal signal
19
List the sequence of events that take place during inspiration.
Respiratory muscles contract to increase thoracic volume Increased volume leads to decreased pressure Air flows into the lungs
20
The functional units of the liver are called \_\_\_
Hepatic lobules
21
\_\_\_ reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little Hb.
Anemic hypoxia
22
IRV stands for ___ and represents which air volume?
Inspiratory reserve volume; the amount of air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume
23
Name the function of pancreatic amylase
breaking down carbs into disaccharides
25
List the 4 respiratory events in order
Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal Respiration
26
Name the serosa of the mouth:
There is none
27
The paranasal sinuses have the same functions as the nose except they lack receptors for smell, and they help to \_\_\_\_
lighten the skull
28
\_\_\_ is an inflammation of the parotid gland.
Mumps
29
The right lung has ___ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes
3, 2
30
\_\_\_ breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides or simple sugars
Sucrase, maltase, and lactase
31
Describe the microscopic anatomy of the laryngopharynx
Stratified squamous epithelium
32
Name the digestive function of the Pharynx
passageway for food, fluids, and air, no digestive role
33
The ____ produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens air, and is a resonance chamber for speech
nose
33
Describe the microscopic anatomy of the mucosa of the trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
34
IRV contains about how much volume?
2100-3200 ml
36
How is CO2 transported in blood?
Dissolved in plasma, Chemically bound to the glob in of the hemoglobin in RBCs, and as bicarbonate ions in plasma
38
What is unique about the muscularis externa of the esophagus?
It tronsitions from skeletal to smooth muscle
38
By which two means is O2 transported from the lungs to the cells?
Dissolved in plasma and bound to the heme portion of hemoglobin
39
List the organs of the alimentary canal in the order through which food travels through them
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
39
Why is the respiratory membrane ideal for gas exchange?
It is thin and highly permeable, and has a high surface area
41
What parts of the brain control breathing rate & depth?
Ventral & dorsal respiratory groups of the medulla oblongata
42
What forces move O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes?
* Partial pressure gradient & solubility
* Ventilation-perfusion coupling
* Respiratory Membrane structure
43
Name the digestive function of the liver
metabolizing carbd, lipids, and proteins storing glycogen filtering blood removing toxins Secreting bile
44
Describe the microscopic anatomy of the larynx
Stratified squamous epithelium that later transitions into pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
45
internal respiration occurs as an exchange of respiratory gases between ____ and \_\_\_\_
blood and tissues
46
Describe the serosa of the pharynx:
There is none
47
Protein-digesting enzyme of the stomach:
Pepsin
48
Houses vocal chords
Larynx
49
The respiratory zone is composed of the \_\_\_\_
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
51
Peripheral chemoreceptors that affect breathing rate & depth are found in the \_\_\_
aortic arch
52
TV contains about how much air volume?
500 ml
53
Name the digestive function of the small intestine
* Receiving chyme from the stomach to complete it's digestion
* Absorbing products of digestion
* Transporting residues to the large intestine
53
Persistant damage to the underlying tissues in the stomach can promote \_\_\_
peptic/gastric ulcers
54
The ____ is a passageway for air and food
pharynx
54
Voice production is a function of the \_\_\_\_
larynx
55
Name the digestive function of the esophagus
passageway for food and fluids, no digestive role
55
The 3 functions of the larynx are \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, & \_\_\_\_
air passageway, preventing food from entering the lower respiratory tract, and voice production
56
Microscopic chambers at termini of bronchial tree
alveoli
58
What are the special tissues found in the submucosa of the small intestine?
Peyer's patches
59
The Mucosa of the mouth is made of \_\_\_
Stratified squamous epithelium
60
The intrinsic factor secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach serve what purpose?
Absorbing vitamin B12
61
Transport of respiratory gases is achieved by the \_\_\_\_
cardiovascular system
62
Describe the mucosa of the stomach
Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
63
What percentage of CO2 is dissolved into plasma?
7-10%
64
During ____ air is moved into and out of the lungs where gases are exchanged continuously
Pulmonary ventilation
65
Name the digestive function of the gallbladder:
There is none
66
Describe the microscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity
Mucous membrane: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia w/ goblet cells
67
\_\_\_ means breaking down food by chewing
Mastication
69
List the cell types of the alveoli
* Type I cells: simple squamous epithelium
* Type II cells: secrete surfactant (lubricating protein)
* Alveolar pores: openings for macrophage movement and pressure equalization
* Alveolar macrophages: phagocytes
70
Name the function of Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
breaking down proteins into peptides
72
List the 4 functions of the digestive system
ingestion Digestion Absorption Defecation
73
List the functions of the nasal cavity/nose
* Provides airway for respiration
* Moistens & warms entering air
* Filters & cleans filtered air
* Resonating chamber for speech
* Houses olfactory receptors
74
Another name for the microvilli on the villi of the small intestine is \_\_\_
Brush border
75
TV stands for ___ and represents which air volume?
tidal volume, the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing
77
Name the function of pancreatic lipase:
breaking down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
78
ERV contains about how much volume?
100-1200 ml
79
\_\_\_ occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered.
Histotoxic hypoxia
81
Name the structure that has these functions:
* Provides airway for respiration
* Moistens & warms entering air
* Filters & cleans filtered air
* Resonating chamber for speech
* Houses olfactory receptors
Nose/nasal cavity
82
\_\_\_ is indicated by reduced arterial P O2. Possible causes include disordered or abnormal ventilation-perfusion coupling, pulmonary diseases that impair ventilation, and breathing air containing scant amounts of O2
Hypoxemic hypoxia
83
cholecystokinin & secretin are secreted by the \_\_\_
gallbladder & pancreas
83
What stomach cells secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
85
How are breathing rate and depth affected by changing levels of O2, CO2, and H+?
Central chemoreceptors in the brain and peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic arch
86
The mucosa of the small intestine have two distinct structures on them, what are they?
Villi & intestinal crypts
88
Gas exchange in the lungs depends on several factors including:
partial pressure gradients & solubilities, ventilation-perfusion coupling, respiratory membrane structure
89
Air passageway connecting the trachea to the alveoli; cleans, warmed, and moistens incoming air.
Bronchial tree
90
\_\_\_ is particularly dangerous because it does not produce the characteristic signs of hypoxia—cyanosis
CO (carbon monoxide) poisoning
91
The ____ on the lungs accommodates the heart in the mediastynum
cardiac notch
92
List the enzymes secreted by the small intestine
Peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, intestinal lipase
93
External respiration is an exchange of O2 and CO2 between the ____ and \_\_\_\_
lungs and blood
95
Approximately what percentage of O2 is dissolved into plasma?
1-1.5%
96
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete \_\_\_
HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
97
Describe the function of nuclease
Breaking nucleic acids into nucleotides
98
The \_\_\_functions to reabsorb water and electrolytes
Large intestine
99
How does the mucosa of the anal canal change from that of the large intestine?
It transitions to stratified squamous epithelium
100
Name the digestive function of the pancreas
secreting pancreatic juice in response to hormonal signals
102
ERV stands for ___ and represents which air volume?
Expiratory Reserve Volume.
The amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after normal TV expiration
104
Describe the muscularis externa of the pharynx
A circular layer and longitudinal layer of skeletal muscle
105
Describe the microscopic anatomy of the adventitia of the trachea
connective tissue reinforced by hyaline cartilage
106
Describe the microscopic anatomy of the submucosa of the trachea
seromucous glands
107
The stomach epithelia is protected from the harshly acidic environment by the \_\_\_
mucosal barrier
108
\_\_\_ is stored in the gallbladder
Bile
110
The muscularis externa of the mouth is made of \_\_\_
skeletal muscle
110
The ____ zone is the actual site of gas exchange
respiratory
111
The ____ functions to prevent food from entering the lower respiratory tract
larynx
113
Factors that affect ventilation:
Resistance, surface tension, compliance
115
The trachea's two functions are \_\_\_\_
creating an air passageway along with warming, humidifying, and cleaning inhaled air
116
Describe the respiratory membrane.
The fusion of capillary walls and alveoli
117
Main sites of gas exchange
alveoli
118
Name the digestive function of the large intestine
Reabsorbing water and electrolytes from chyme Forming & storing feces
119
The mucosa of the stomach contains what special structures? Name the cells associated with these structures.
Gastric pits. Cells of the gastric pits include mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells
120
The functions of the nose include:
produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens air, and is a resonance chamber for speech
121
What directions do O2 and CO2 take between respiratory membranes?
O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood and CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction
122
The respiratory system includes these structures:
nose nasal cavity paranasal sinuses Pharynx Trachea Bronchi (and their smaller branches) lungs Alveoli
124
What factors affect the release of O2 to cells?
Low PO2 (partial pressure gradients) in tissue cells and high PO2 in blood
125
Fat-digesting enzymes secreted by the chief cells in the stomach:
Lipase
127
Name the digestive function of the stomach
Receiving bolus and mixing it with gastric juices; initiating protein digestion limited absorption moving food into the small intestine
128
Name the hormones that stimulate the gallbladder and pancreas to release bile
cholecystokinin & secretin
130
Constriction of the smooth muscle surrounding the walls of this structure impede expiration:
Bronchial tree
131
In ____ blood diffuses from blood to tissue cells and CO2 from tissue cells to blood.
Internal respiration
132
What percentage of CO2 is carried in blood as bicarbonate ions?
70%
133
The mucosa of the pharynx is made of \_\_\_
stratified squamous epithelium & mucus glands
135
The product of parietal cells in the stomach that makes the stomach juices extremely acidic:
HCl (hydrochloric acid)
136
Describe the microscopic anatomy of the oropharynx
Stratified squamous epithelium
137
The ____ produce lubricating fluids and compartmentalize the lungs
pleurae
138
What factors affect breathing rate and depth?
Changing levels of CO2, O2 and H+ in arterial blood
139
\_\_\_ in the intestine breaks fats into glycerol and fatty acids
Intestinal lipase
140
The ____ also acts as an air passageway along with warming, humidifying, and cleaning inhaled air
Trachea
141
\_\_\_ hypoxia results from impaired or blocked blood circulation.
Ischemic hypoxia
142
Despite the low pressure gradient of CO2, there is an equal rate of exchange in the respiratory gases due to \_\_\_
the high solubility of CO2
143
\_\_\_ from chief cells and ___ from parietal cells in the stomach react to form \_\_\_
Pepsinogen, HCl; pepsin
144
The muscularis externa of the stomach has ___ layers, which are \_\_\_\_
3; oblique, circular, longitudinal
145
Passageway connecting the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to the esophagus:
Pharynx
146
Pulmonary ventilation occurs in the \_\_\_\_
lungs
147
Name the salivary glands of the oral cavity
Parotid, sublingual, submandibular
148
The ____ zone includes all other passage ways which provide conduits for air to reach the lungs
conducting zone
149
What is the function of the residual volume (RV)?
Keeping the alveoli open, preventing lung collapse
150
Name the digestive function of the mouth
receiving and digesting food both mechanically and chemically
151
The pharynx and trachea are connected by the \_\_\_\_
larynx
152
Flexible tube running from larynx and dividing inferiorly into two main bronchi:
Trachea
153
The enzymatic breaking down of food involves \_\_\_
Hyrdolysis
154
The ___ is the primary site of lipid digestion
Small intestine
155
The ___ is the major source of fat-digesting enzymes, called **lipases**
pancreas
156
\_\_\_ is a condition in which the mucosa of the colon walls develop small herniations
diverticulosis
157
About 20% of diverticulosis cases result in \_\_\_
diverticulitis
158
\_\_\_ is a GI disorder which is not explained by anatomical or biochemical abnormalities, resulting in pain, bloating, flatulence, nausea, and depression.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
