Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Equine (Chloe) > Urinary and ophthalmics > Flashcards

Urinary and ophthalmics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of acute renal failure?

A

Advanced decline in glomerular filtration rate over hours to days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the broad causes of acute renal failure?

A

Haemodynamic, nephrotoxic, interstitial nephritis, obstructive nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute renal failure?

A

Diarrhoea
SIRS/MODS
Myopathies
Colic
Fever
Urine output (oliguria, anuria, polyuria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the approximate daily water intake for a horse?

A

50ml/kg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What biochemistry markers are useful in assessing urinary tract function?

A

Azotaemia, BUN: creatinine ration, electrolytes, protein and albumin, muscle enzymes, glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What conditions are typically seen alongside chronic renal failure?

A

Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic renal failure?

A

Weight loss, PU/PD, ventral oedema, poor appetite, dull hair colour, dental tartar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What clinical pathology is seen with chronic renal failure?

A

Increased creatinine
USG 1009 - 1014
Casts, tubular casts, neoplastic cells, leukocytes
Proteinuria
Hypercalcemia, hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, hyperkalaemia
Hypoalbuminemia
Anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you manage the chronic renal failure case?

A

Steroids once ensured infection under control
Avoid toxic insults
Plenty of fresh water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can cause myoglobinuria?

A

Muscle injury, nephrotoxic insults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can cause haemoglobulinuria?

A

Intravascular haemolysis and renal damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the typical urine production of the horse?

A

15-30ml/kg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some physiological causes of PU/PD?

A

Excessive dietary protein, salt consumption, drug administration, high environmental temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some pathological causes of PU/PD?

A

Psychogenic polydipsia, hepatic insufficiency, sepsis, renal medullary solute washout, diabetes mellitus/insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some iatrogenic causes of PU/PD?

A

IVFT
Diuretics
Corticosteroid administration
Sedation with A2-agonist
Excess dietary salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the typical presentation of corneal ulceration?

A

Usually painful
Blepharospasm
Ptosis
Conjunctival swelling
Inflammation and discharge
Corneal opacity

17
Q

What is the typical presentation of secondary uveitis?

A

Myosis, empyema, hyphaemia, synechiae.
Iris prolapse and fibrin in anterior chamber

18
Q

Do you use steroids with corneal ulcers?

A

NO

19
Q

What is the normal corneal epithelium turnover?

A

7 days - heals 0.6mm/day

20
Q

How do you control myosis?

A

Topical atropine until mydriasis then maintain.
Dark environment, mask +/- contact lenses +/- lubricants

21
Q

What are the two types of viral keratitis?

A

Type 1 - Dendritic pattern
Type 2 - Multifocal pattern

22
Q

What are the main viral cause of keratitis?

A

EHV-2

23
Q

How do you treat viral keratitis?

A

Idoxuridine for 7 days - every 2hrs for 2 days then every 6 hours.

24
Q

What antifungals can be used to treat fungal keratitis?

A

Voriconazole, clotrimazole

25
Q

What are the clinical signs of immune-mediated keratitis?

A

Neovascularisation, oedema, cellular infiltration, anterior uveitis, transient ulceration, minimal discomfort

26
Q

How do you treat immune-mediated keratitis?

A

Dexamethasone, calcineurin inhibitors, doxycycline

27
Q

What is the main cause of blindness in equine opthalmology?

A

Uveitis

28
Q

What are the secondary issues associated with uveitis?

A

Synechiae, iris rests, changes in pigmentation, reduction in size of corpora nigra, cataracts, retinal detachment, glaucoma, blindness

29
Q

What are the 6 layers of the cornea?

A
  1. Mucus/tear-film layer
  2. Epithelium
  3. Basement membrane
  4. Stroma
  5. Descemet membrane
  6. Endothelium
30
Q

What colour is a normal tapetum?

A

Green, yellow, red or blue - reflective

31
Q

What colour is the normal non-tapetal fundus?

A

Brown or red

32
Q

What is the most common nerve block used in equine ophthalmology?

A

Auricolopaebral

33
Q

What is commonly used to dilate the pupil?

A

Tropicamide

34
Q

What is the normal IOP reading for an equine eye?

A

14 - 22mmHg

35
Q

What are the topical anaesthesias used in the eye?

A

Tetracaine or proxymetacaine (proparacaine)

36
Q

What is a normal reading on a Schirmer tear test?

A

> 10mm

Equine (Chloe) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions