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Equine (Chloe) > Endocrinology and dermatology > Flashcards

Endocrinology and dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the predisposition for equine metabolic syndrome?

A

Spanish horse derived breeds
UK native ponies, arabs and caspian-derived breeds

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2
Q

What are the 4 stages of insulin dysregulation?

A
  1. Lack of insulin response
  2. Increase in circulating insulin
  3. Compensated insulin dysregulation
  4. Uncompensated insulin dysregulation
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3
Q

What are some of the issues caused by EMS?

A

Laminitis
Strangulating small intestinal lesions
Increased risk of hyperlipaemia
Impairment of normal thermoregulation
Altered oestrus cycle, decreased fertility
Great risk of osteochondrosis dissecans in foals

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4
Q

What diagnostics can be used for EMS?

A

Basal glucose/insulin
OST/OGTT
CGIT

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5
Q

Are sweat glands present in the distal limb?

A

No

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6
Q

How long does the full hair cycle take?

A

4 to 6 weeks

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7
Q

What drives coat shedding?

A

Melatonin and prolactin

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8
Q

What is a type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

IgE mediated - release of histamine by mast cells. Aggravated by serial exposure. Sweet itch.

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9
Q

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

IgG mediated - cytotoxic response associated with complement binding.

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10
Q

What is a type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Immunocomplex deposition on endothelial beds. Neutrophil activation - vasculitis

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11
Q

What is a type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

T-cell mediated. Insect bite or drug eruptions

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12
Q

What is a macule or patch?

A

Circumscribed, flat impalpable area of colour change

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13
Q

What is a papule?

A

Solid circumscribed, raised, firm, discoloured

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14
Q

What is a plaque?

A

Solid elevated, flat-topped

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15
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Raised, fluid-filled, well-demarcated

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16
Q

What does PPID stand for?

A

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction

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17
Q

What breeds are pre-disposed to PPID?

A

Ponies and morgans

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18
Q

What are the early signs of PPID?

A

Muscle atrophy, hair abnormalities, dull, lacking energy, poor performance, regional adiposity.

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19
Q

What are the mid-late signs of PPID?

A

Metabolic shifts, secondary bacterial infections, hyperhidrosis/anhidrosis, PU/PD, hypertrichosis

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20
Q

What is the sensitivity and specificity of resting ACTH in moderate to advanced PPID?

A

Sensitivity: 89%
Specificity: 95%

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21
Q

What should be taken into consideration when testing resting ACTH?

A

Stress, excitement and trailering
Should not be collected within the first 30mins

22
Q

What initial management should be used with PPID?

A

Pergolide administrated at initial dose 2ug/kg
Recheck plasma ACTH in 30 days

23
Q

What vasoactive substances can trigger pruritus?

A

Histamine
Eicosanoids
Serotonin
Kallikrein
Bradykinin

24
Q

What mite is found mainly on the distal limbs but also can be found in the groin/abdomen region?

A

Chorioptes equi

25
Q

What mite affects the head, tail and ears all year around?

A

Psoroptes equi

26
Q

What are clinical signs that a horse has a lice infestation?

A

Severe pruritus, self-mutilating, biting and rubbing

27
Q

What is the colloquial name for oxyuris equi?

A

Pinworm

28
Q

Where are oxyuris equi found?

A

Caecum and colon mucosa

29
Q

When does sweet itch typically develop in the horse?

A

3 to 4 years old

30
Q

What management can be used to reduce the effects of sweet itch?

A

Keep horses in stables at night with a rug. Use middle stables.
Regularly clean water troughs
Keep away from water sources
Reduce decaying vegetation and manure accumulation

31
Q

What areas are affected with a food allergy?

A

Face, neck, trunk, angioedema, urticaria

32
Q

What feeds commonly cause a food allergy?

A

Alfalfa, barley, beet pulp, bran and clover.
Feed additives and supplements

33
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is a food allergy?

A

Type 1

34
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is contact dermatitis?

A

Type 4

35
Q

What is the colloquial name for dermatophilosis?

A

Rain scald

36
Q

What medication can be used to treat dermatophilosis?

A

Penicillin for 3 to 5 days
TMPS for 2 weeks

37
Q

What is dermatophytosis also known as?

A

Ringworm

38
Q

What type of skin tumour accounts for 4-15% seen?

A

Melanomas

39
Q

How old are grey horses when they typically develop melanomas?

A

4 to 8 years old

40
Q

What type of melanoma can be described as: Single or multiple discrete nodules?

A

Melanocytic nevi

41
Q

What type of melanoma can be described as: originating in the deeper dermis. Small singular or multiple nodules?

A

Dermal melanoma

42
Q

What type of melanoma can be described as: Confluent large melanomas. Increased risk of metastasis?

A

Dermal melanomatosis

43
Q

What type of melanoma can be described as: rare and invasive. Typically older horses and recurrent is very likely.

A

Malignant melanoma

44
Q

What are the key features of sarcoids?

A

Benign, non-metastatic, locally aggressive, any equid, high recurrence

45
Q

What are the 6 types of sarcoid?

A

Occult, verrucose, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, malignant

46
Q

How can occult sarcoids be identified?

A

Mild/stable/superficial
Hairless skin
Cutaneous nodules or roughened areas with mild hyperkeratotic regions

47
Q

How can verrucose sarcoids be identified?

A

Rarely aggressive until injured
Rough hyperkeratotic appearance with some flaking or scalding around it
Warty-looking

48
Q

How can nodular sarcoids be identified?

A

Variable size. Firm, spherical, subcutaneous nodules.

49
Q

How can fibroblastic sarcoids be identified?

A

Ulcerated, fleshy, aggressive appearance

50
Q

What is the second most common tumour in the horse?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

51
Q

Where are squamous cell carcinomas commonly found?

A

Areas that lack pigmentation, poorly haired - mucocutaneous junction

Equine (Chloe) (6 decks)

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