urinary

Question 1

what is
cystitis
pyelonephritis

Answer 1

what is
cystitis - bacterial infection of bladder
pyelonephritis - bacterial infection of kidney

Question 2

what is dysuria?

Answer 2

painful peeing

Question 3

when are cell casts and flank pain seen?

Answer 3

in pyelonephritis –> diagnostic differentiator

Question 4

what is Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis? mild vs. severe?

Answer 4

post-infection, large immune complexes get stuck in the glomerulus. this attracts complement –> increases vessel permeability allows protein into the filtrate. –> leaky filter. may correct itself - mild

severe –> vascular congestion occurs –> GFR drops a lot, no filtration occurs

Question 5

what are the signs of mild APSGN? (2)

Answer 5

1. smoky coloured urine and hematuria –> RBC’s in blood
2. facial edema –> loss of albumin means oncotic pressure in vessels is gone and so water leaves facial capillaries into tissue

Question 6

why does severe APSGN cause increased BP?

Answer 6

vascular congestion leads to decreased blood flow / pressure –> macula densa perceive as that so release Renin and activate RAAS.

Question 7

what is nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis?

Answer 7

renal and urinary stones

Question 8

calcium oxalate is?

Answer 8

the main cause of renal stones

Question 9

who are susceptible to stones?

Answer 9

IBD patients –> cant absorb fat

calcium binds fat and allows oxalate absorption which gets to kidneys

Question 10

gout is?

Answer 10

uric acid stones

Question 11

what does potassium citrate do?

Answer 11

increase calcium solubility –> treatment for stones.

reduction in Ca+ intake is NOT a treatment

Question 12

how to adjust urine pH for
calcium phosphate stones?
uric acid stones?

Answer 12

Ca+ phosphate –> make more acidic

uric acid –> make more alkaline

Question 13

what are the three stages of chronic renal failure?

Answer 13

1. decreased reserve - GFR is normal
2. insufficiency –> nephrons are taxed too much, here you get decreased GFR and polyuria since water reabsorption is impaired (too much work)
3. end stage –> severe decrease in GFR, and oliguria since kidneys are now not working
   - anemia (ESO) and osteopenia (vitamin D)

Question 14

what is azotemia and uremia?

Answer 14

azotemia –> excess nitrogen in blood but not symptoms
uremia –> excess nitrogen in blood with symptoms –> neuropathy, anorexia, and priuritis

sign of renal failure

Question 15

explain peritoneal dialysis

Answer 15

inject glucose-rich fluid into the peritoneal cavity which uses osmosis to draw out solutes from kidney –> can be done at home (glucose not absorbed since transporters on other side of lumen)

use gravity to drain the fluid
done once a day

Question 16

explain hemodyalis

Answer 16

• done at hospital
• connect an artery and vein to a purifier
• infuse fluid in the opposite direction as the blood –> ensures highest concentration (of waste) areas are being filtered
• uses ultrafiltration NOT osmosis

Question 17

what is ultrafiltration?

Answer 17

applying a negative pressure to move fluid across a membrane