Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PGHY 350 > GI 2 > Flashcards

GI 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of GI pain?

A
  1. cramping pain - on and off

2. unremitting - persistent, never-relaxing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is dumping syndrome?

A

it is a problem with gastric emptying –> the stomach empties too fast. the cause is idiopathic or caused by bariatric surgery - smaller gastric size.

increased risk as your BMI goes up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is Bariatric surgery?

A

resection of part of the gastric area/volume to lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is obesity bad for you? what influence does the bariatric surgery have on it?

A

obesity causes type 2 diabetes (insulin resistance), increased CV problems, arthritis

bariatric surgery –> developed to be ‘cure’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bariatric surgery was intended for? what is the general basis of the surgery?

A

bariatric surgery was developed to treat the morbidly obese. The basis is - decreased gastric volume and decrease the gastric size (cause of dumping syndrome). A by-pass of the intestine can also be done to also decrease GI volume/size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what kind of bariatric surgeries are there?

A

a. Roux-en-Y By-pass - 40% - gold standard
b. gastric banding –> 40% - no longer used
c. sleeve gastrectomy –> 4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are some trends and complications of the bariatric surgery

A

very expensive, esp. Roux en Y
many people have to return to the hospital
long process - many follow up check-ups

low mortality
number of surgeries per year is increasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

t or f - after bariatric surgery, patients see a 35% decrease in body weight with a secondary benefit of reduced type 2 diabetes.

A

true

there are significant benefits of bariatric surgery as it removes obesity and obesity-related risks (type e 2 diabetes) - however, there is not ‘not risk’ associated with this procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is gastroparesis?

A

recall paresis - something that is functioning at a reduced capacity

gastroparesis = slow emptying - opposite of dumping syndrome

often secondary to diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

gastric contents stimulates the pyloric sphincter to open and let chyme into the duodenum. however, if there is acid, fat, or a hypertonic solution in the duodenum then through neural and hormal signals, gastric emptying is inhibited - t or f?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gastric contents stimulates the ENS short reflexes which cause gastric secretions and mixing contractions. These lead to signals that stimulate pyloric opening. t or f

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what gastric processes are compromised in type 2 diabetes

A

a. neural and hormonal inhibition of gastric contraction is NOT compromised
b. ENS reflexes leading to churning and pyloric opening are compromised
- leads to gastroparesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is pyloric stenosis?

A

this is when the pyloric sphincter is stuck in a contracted state - usually seen in a newborn child. here, there is no inhibitory innervation from the ENS

solely an ENS defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the main functions of the liver (GI) and gallbladder?

A

liver –> produces bile, all blood from the GI tract first goes to the liver, it detoxifies the blood, deals with fat metabolism
- bile production is continuous

gallbladder -> stores bile and contracts it into the GI tract when it’s needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is biliary colic?

A

sustained or transient blockage of bile outflow leading to pain. this can cause the bile to crystallize and develop gallstones.

pain is an important symptom - gets people into the hospital faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

t or f, 10-20% of adults have stones, while 1/3 have symptoms

A

true

17
Q

what occurs of stones cause perforations?

A

60% mortality

18
Q

explain the removal of gallstone, lithotripsy, and dissolution drugs

A

these are treatments for gallstones

lithotripsy is when you use sound waves or MRI waves to break up the stone and allow for its clearance

19
Q

what is jaundice?

A

increased levels of bilirubin in the blood causing yellow skin and eyes

20
Q

what are three generalized causes of jaundice?

A
  1. hemolytic jaundice- RBC’s breaks down and leaves a lot of bilirubin in the blood - liver is overloaded
  2. the liver cannot get rid of enough of the bilirubin in the blood (by converting it into bile) - liver is compromised
  3. the liver is obstructed from removing bilirubin - e.g. biliary colic
21
Q

what virus is a common cause of jaundice?

A

hepatitis

22
Q

what is hepatitis? how do you get it? what does it do?

A

hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by viral infection. (other causes of hepatitis can occur, e.g. autoimmune, but more rare)

transmitted through blood or body fluids

hepatitis damages liver function making it less able to get rid of bilirubin (and other metabolites) –> jaundice

23
Q

hepatitis A is very contagious?

A

yes, A is very contagious

24
Q

explain hepatitis A

A

hepatitis A is the most common cause of hepatitis.

infectious hepatitis
infection comes from water/environment
acute (i.e rapid onset)

It can occur in individual situations or in epidemics. during this infection, you get sick fast –> stool turns white. normally you recover on your own unless immunocompromised.

25
Q

explain hepatitis B

A

hepatitis B is a serious condition which can cause liver scarring, cirrhosis, cancer, and life-long effects.

it is serum hepatitis
it infects through blood and secretions
chornic hepatitis

26
Q

explain hepatitis C

A

hepatitis C is classified as non-A and non-B hepatitis. It is derived from human blood and is transferred by blood contact. It increases cancer risk jst like B- however, it is curable

chronic hepatitis if not cured

27
Q

explain hepatitis D and E

A

hepatitis D can only occur as a co-infection with B

hepatitis E and D are acute

28
Q

t or f, hepatitis C and B are the only chronic viral hepatitis infections

A

true

29
Q

explain chemical hepatitis and cancer hepatitis

A

chemical - overuse of acetaminophen, alcohol, benzene can all cause liver inflammation

cancer -liver is a common site of metastasis. the liver regenerates to making it prone to primary cancer

30
Q

compare hepatitis with cirrhosis

A

hepatitis - inflammation of the liver and impaired function during the attack

cirrhosis - a long-term effect on the liver due to pathologies - usually hepatitis.

31
Q

what are the effects of impaired liver function - cirrhosis

A
  • increased blood bilirubin - jaundice
  • decreased bile production –> decreased fat absorption
  • decreased detoxification and urea conversion –> microbe may get to liver from hepatic portal and not get cleared by the liver. this can get to the brain and cause encephalopathy (brain damage)

cirrhosis can also affect the blood supply to the liver - scarring

  • long-term hepatitis causes fibrosis – increased deposition of scar tissue
  • this impaires liver function - very long process
32
Q

what is a fatty liver and alcohol hepatitis?

A

a fatty liver is a pre-stage to cirrhosis. here the disease is still reversible!! however, once someone has full blown cirrhosis, the disease is lethal –> need liver transplant

alcohol hepatitis is survivable if the challenge is removed (i.e. fatty liver right now).

FL –> alcohol hepatitis –> cirrhosis
reversible –> survivable –> lethal

33
Q

explain the three effects cirrhosis causes on blood flow.

A
  1. scarring in the liver restricts inflow and outflow –> this increases the hepatic veins pressure
  2. esophageal capillaries and the spleen feel the effects of this increased pressure - damages these organs. Spleen effects can result in bleeding!
  3. fluid shift causes ascites in the peritoneal cavity (fluid build-up)
34
Q

t or f, vagal input inhibits gastric emptying

A

false, vagal input = PNS input = promoted gastric emptying

note: the ENS is the most important system for motility though.

35
Q

which hepatitis is cryptic?

A

cryptic - hidden

Hep B can by cryptic

PGHY 350 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions