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PGHY 350 > GI 1 > Flashcards

GI 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three basic processes of the GI tract?

A
  1. ingestion - occurs from mouth to stomach
  2. digestion, secretion, and absorption - occurs from the stomach to the ileum
  3. motility - this occurs throughout the entire GI tract
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2
Q

what are sphincters?

A

they are circulatory smooth muscle sections that exist on either side of digestive organs. They are tonically contracted and must relax to function –> e.g. sphincter relaxes to let food into stomach

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3
Q

list the sphincters from top to bottom

A 
upper oesophagal
lower oesophagal 
pyloric - before SI
oddi - for bile and pancreatic juice 
ileo-cecal - between SI and LI 
anal
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4
Q

Explain the layers of the small intestine

A

outside -> inside

  • peritoneal membrane
  • serosa
  • longitudinal muscle
  • circulatory muscle
  • submucosa
  • mucosa
  • villi
  • microvilli

blood vessels exist near the mucosa, nerves innervate the muscles and the glands

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5
Q

what is the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus?

A

submucosal plexus innervates glands (submucosa)

myenteric plexus innervates longitudinal and circular muscle (muscualris externa)

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6
Q

explain the difference between skeletal muscle and smooth muscle in the GI tract

A

skeletal –> on either end of the tract, react to all or none responses.
smooth –> exists between the two ends of the tract, graded potentials –> balance between excitation and inhibition.
- they are tonically somewhat contracted and function upon relaxation

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7
Q

t or f, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle are multi-nucleated

A

false
smooth muscle is mono-nucleated

note: SM relaxes when stimulated with NO or VIP

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8
Q

true or false, the mucosa is essentially the barrier between your gut microbiome and your systemic area.

A

true

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9
Q

what two things is the ENS responsible for?

A
  1. regulation of motility and secretions

2. integrated sensory and motor pathways

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10
Q

t or f ENS provides pain signals

A

false

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11
Q

lack of sensation, poorly localised, cramping feeling is characteristic of what?

A

pain in the intestinal area

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12
Q

what detects pain in the intestine if it is not from the ENS?

A

dorsal root ganglia somatic neurons.

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13
Q

what is the extrinsic innervation of the GI tract?

A
  1. ANS
    - parasympathetic (vagal)
    - sympathetic
  2. somatic sensory - dorsal root ganglia

NOT ENS - this is the intrinsic innervation

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14
Q

what creates the barrier between the lumen and the body?

A

the epithelial mucosa

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15
Q

what part of the SC does the SNS stimulation stem from for the GI tract?

A

the thoracic-lumbar section (middle)

think - vagal comes from top (PNS) so SNS gets middle

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16
Q

why are mucosal epithelial cells susceptible to chemotherapy?

A

Epithelial cells are constantly growing, maturing, dividing, and dying off. chemotherapy targets cells like this since this what cancer is like.

17
Q

what kind of epithelium is the intestine?

A

simple columnar epithelium

18
Q

what two functions to goblet cells have?

A
  1. secrete mucus

2. important for intestinal folding

19
Q

what are the important layers of the mucosa?

A

the lamina propria + the epithelium + the muscularis mucosa

Note, the layers go 
epithelium 
lamina propria 
muscularis mucosa 
submucosa
muscularis externa - splits into longitudinal and circular muscle 
adventitia / serosa
20
Q

where are the gut immune cells located?

A

lamina propria right under the epithelium

21
Q

what are Peyer’s patches?

A

lymphatic tissue of the lamina propria with immune cells

22
Q

what is the mesentery?

A

the mesentery is the membrane that attaches the GI tract to the abdomen wall –> similar to peritoneum

23
Q

what controls motility in the gut?

A

intrinsic innervation via the ENS through the myenteric plexus.

24
Q

what conveys information to the CNS from the gut

A

the extrinsic innervation

e.g. the dorsal root ganglia conveys pain (somatic sensory innervation)

25
Q

what is the GI tracts acute response to inflammation?

A

emesis or diarrhea –> it percieves bad reactions as being caused by things in the lumen - it gets rid of them quickly.

26
Q

what are the characteristics of gastroenteritis

A

gastroenteritis is pathological inflammation of the stomach. characterized by nausea, emesis, diarrhea, anorexia, malaise, etc.

general term that can be caused by a variety of things

27
Q

explain gastritis and intestinal inflammation as examples of gastroenteritis.

A

gastritis - inflammation of the stomach and typically causes emesis
intestinal inflammation - typically causes diarrhea. it causes enhanced secretions and decreased absorption.

28
Q

what is Norwalk?

A

a virus that causes intestinal inflammation –> it is also called the winter vomiting flu

29
Q

what are the regions of the stomach?

A 
top = the fundus 
middle = the body 
bottom = the antrum
30
Q

list three things that can cause emesis. list potential consequences of emesis

A
  1. too much distention
  2. some irritant in GI tract
  3. noxious perceptions received by the brain can stimulate vomiting.

emesis can cause electrolyte imbalances and aspiration if you are unconsciousness

31
Q

what is the 4 step process of emesis?

A
  1. closing of the glottis
  2. relaxation of the LES
  3. reverse peristalsis
  4. abdomen contraction

build up of pressure then sudden release + contraction

32
Q

What three things can cause a gastric ulcer? what is an ulcer?

A
  1. increased acid secretion
  2. NSAID overuse
  3. H. pylori infection

an ulcer is the erosion of the mucosal tissue which exposes the underlying cells
- can be life-threatening if blood vessels below are affected

33
Q

H. pylori cause?

A

chronic gastritis thru continued ulcer formation

Hp is the cause of 70-98% of ulcers

PGHY 350 (10 decks)

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