Urinary Flashcards
What is the only difference between the male and female urinary system?
The male has a longer urethra.
What does the urinary system consist of?
1) KIDNEYS (PAIRED)
2) URETERS (PAIRED)
3) URINARY BLADDER
4) URETHRA
What are the functions of the urinary system?
1) STORAGE OF URINE
2) EXCRETION OF URINE
3) REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME
4) REGULATION OF ERYTHROCYTE
PRODUCTION
5) REGULATION OF ION BALANCE/ACID BASE
BALANCE
What is the kidney comprised of?
OUTER RENAL CORTEX AND AN
INNER RENAL MEDULLA
What are extensions of the renal cortex that project through the renal medulla
Renal Columns
What do the renal columns form
Renal Pyramids
What is THE AREA WHERE THE WIDE BASE OF THE RENAL PYRAMIDS AND
CORTEX COME IN CONTACT
Corticomedullary Junction
What is the apex or tip of each renal pyramid
Renal papilla
What does the renal lobe contain
CORTEX, RENAL PYRAMID, RENAL
COLUMNS, RENAL PAPILLA, AND
MINOR CALYX
What is the funnel shaped structure each renal papilla project into
Minor calyx
What do minor calyces combine to form
Major calyx
What do the major calyces combine to form?
Renal Pelvis
What does the renal pelvis do?
COLLECTS
ALL THE URINE FROM THE KIDNEY AND
TRANSPORTS IT INTO THE URETER
What does blood supply to each kidney begin with
Renal artery that branches off of the descending abdominal aorta
What do the renal arteries branch into
Segmental arteries
What do the segmental arteries branch into
Interlobar arteries that TRAVEL ALONG
THE RENAL COLUMNS TOWARDS
THE RENAL CORTEX
What do the interlobar arteries branch into
Arcuate arteries that RUN ALONG THE
CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION
What do arcuate arteries branch into
Interlobular arteries that are found in the cortex
What do the interlobular arteries become
The afferent arterioles
What do the afferent arterioles do?
Enter the glomerulus capsule and become the glomerulus
What happens in the glomerulus
Where blood is filtered.
What does the glomerulus become
Efferent arterioles that exit the capsule and form peritubular capillaries around the ducts that surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. They also form the vasa recta that surround the nephron loop (both are a capillary bed they are just named differently due to their positions.
What is the venous flow of the renal system?
Peritubular capilaries to Interlobular vein to Arcuate vein to
Interpolar vein to
Renal vein to inferior vena cava.
How much of the blood that enters the glomerulus is filtered.
20%
What is the functional filtration unit of the kidney
The nephron
What does a nephron consist of
RENAL CORPUSCLE, A
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, A
NEPHRON LOOP, AND A DISTAL
CONVOLUTED TUBULE
What are the two different types of nephrons?
1) CORTICAL NEPHRONS WHERE THE BULK
OF THE NEPHRON IS LOCATED IN THE
CORTEX; ABOUT 85% OF ALL NEPHRONS
ARE OF THIS TYPE (IT HAS A VASA
RECTA, IT IS JUST MISSING IN THE
DRAWING)
2) JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS WHICH
HAVE THEIR RENAL CORPUSCLE NEAR
THE CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION,
AND THEIR NEPHRON LOOP PASSES
DEEP INTO THE MEDULLA
What is the filtrate that the tubules of the kidney filter until becomes urine
Tubular Fluid
Where does the tubular system begin
The glomerular capsule
Where does the tubule system exit the glomerular capsule?
The proximal convoluted tubule
What does the proximal convoluted tubule become?
Nephron loop that has an ascending and descending limb
Where is the nephron loop found
The medulla
What does the ascending limb of the nephron loop become
the distal convoluted tubule that is found in the cortex
What does the distal convoluted tubule become
The collecting tubule
What do the collecting tubules drain into
Collecting duct that is found in the cortex, proceed into the medulla and terminate at the renal papilla
Where does urine go after the renal papilla
MINOR CALYX, THEN THE MAJOR CALYX, THEN THE RENAL PELVIS, THE
URETER, THE URINARY BLADDER AND FINALLY TO BE VOIDED BY WAY OF THE
URETHRA
What are the three processes that happen in urine formation
Filtration, Tubular Reabsorption, and Tubular secretion
What happens in filtration
HE GLOMERULUS IS COMPRISED OF FENESTRATED
CAPILLARIES. BECAUSE THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE IS MUCH LARGER IN
DIAMETER THAN THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLE, THE BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE
GLOMERULUS IS VERY HIGH. ANYTHING THAT IS IN THE BLOOD AND IS SMALL
ENOUGH TO PASS THROUGH THE FENESTRATIONS WILL BE FILTERED
WITHOUT ANY FORM OF REGULATION. THIS UNREGULATED TUBULAR FLUID
IS COLLECTED FROM THE RENAL CAPSULE IN THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED
TUBULE.
What happens in tubular reabsorption
WHILE THE FLUID IS IN THE TUBULAR SYSTEM,
ANY FILTRATE THAT IS NEEDED BY THE BODY IS REABSORBED
What happens in tubular secretions
SINCE ONLY 20% OF THE BLOOD IS FILTERED AT ANY
GIVEN TIME IT PASSES THROUGH THE GLOMERULUS, SOME SUBSTANCES
THAT THE BODY DOES NOT WANT NOR NEED AVOID GETTING FILTERED AND
REMAIN IN THE BLOOD. THESE MATERIALS CAN BE SECRETED FROM THE
CAPILLARIES (PERITUBULAR AND VASA RECTA) INTO THE TUBULAR SYSTEM
FOR ELIMINATION.
What is the renal corpsucle
1) GLOMERULUS: A THICK TANGLE OF
FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES
2) GLOMERULAR CAPSULE: AN
EPITHELIAL CAPSULE SURROUNDING
THE GLOMERULUS
What is the vascular pole
WHERE THE
AFFERENT ARTERIOLE ENTERS AND
BECOMES THE GLOMERULUS AND
WHERE THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
EXITS
What is the tubular pole
WHERE THE PROXIMAL
CONVOLUTED TUBULE BEGINS THE
TUBULAR SYSTEM
What are the two layers that make up the glomerulus
1) VISCERAL LAYER: THIS LAYER COMES INTO DIRECT CONTACT WITH
THE FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES OF THE GLOMERULUS. IT IS MADE
UP OF SPECIALIZED CELLS CALLED PODOCYTES. EACH PODOCYTE
HAS LONG PROJECTIONS CALLED PEDICLES THAT WRAP AROUND
THE CAPILLARIES, COVERING THE OPENINGS AND HELPING TO
DAMPEN THE FORCE THAT THE FILTRATE CREATES WHEN IT EXITS
THE CAPILLARY BED. THE PEDICLES ARE SEPARATED BY THIN
SPACES CALLED FILTRATION SLITS WHICH IS HOW THE FILTRATE
FLOWS INTO THE SPACE BETWEEN THE CAPILLARIES AND THE
CAPSULE. THE FILTRATION SLITS AND THE FENESTRATED
CAPILLARY WALL MAKE UP THE FILTRATION MEMBRANE.
2) PARIETAL LAYER: MADE UP OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
AND LINES THE INSIDE OF THE CAPSULE
What are the walls of the proximal convoluted tubule made up of?
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM THAT HAVE
TALL MICROVILLI
* THESE CELLS REABSORB THE MAJORITY (100% OF THE GLUCOSE) OF THE
NUTRIENTS THAT ARE FILTERED IN THE GLOMERULUS
* WATER IS ALSO REABSORBED IN THIS SECTION OF THE TUBULAR SYSTEM
* THE REABSORBED NUTRIENTS AND WATER ENTER THE PERITUBULAR
CAPILLARIES AND ARE RETURNED TO THE GENERAL CIRCULATION.
Where does the proximal convoluted tubule terminate
Nephron Loop
What are the two parts that make up the nephron loop
1) THE DESCENDING LIMB: LEAVES THE CORTEX AND ENTERS THE MEDULLA. BOTH
WATER AND SOLUTES ARE REABSORBED HERE. THEY ARE COLLECTED BY THE VASA
RECTA AND RETURNED TO THE GENERAL CIRCULATION
2) THE ASCENDING LIMB: LEAVES THE MEDULLA AND REENTERS THE CORTEX. ALSO
ALLOWS REABSORPTION OF SOLUTES, BUT NOT WATER, THAT ARE COLLECTED IN THE
VASA RECTA
