Respiratory/Digestive Flashcards
Which cavity is superior in the respiratory system?
Nasal cavity
What is the order of the pharynx?
-nasopharynx (connects to nasal cavity; entirely part of respiratory)
-oropharynx (part of digestive as well)
-laryngopharynx (part of digestive as well)
What structure leaves the pharynx and enters the lungs?
Trachea
What is the most superior sinus?
Frontal
What sinuses are inferior to the frontal sinus?
Ethmoid
What is the most inferior sinus
Maxillary
What is the most posterior sinus?
Sphenoid
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
-ventilation (inhalation and exhalation)
-gas conditioning
-sound production
-olfaction
-defense
What structures make up the conducting upper respiratory tract?
Nose and nasal cavities
-main conducting airway for inhaled air
-supported by the pair of nasal bones (form bridge)
-divided into L/R by nasal septum
What is anterior/inferior to the nasal bones
Cartilaginous dorsum nasi
What structures slow down and mix air?
Inferior, middle, and superior nasal conchae (found on lateral wall of each cavity.
What are some components of the nasopharynx
-lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
-opening of eustachian tube is in lateral wall
-pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) is found in posterior wall
What are some components of the oropharynx
-lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-palatine tonsils in lateral wall
-lingual tonsils are at the base of tongue
What are some components of the laryngopharynx
-lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-continuous with both larynx and esophagus
What are the functions of the larynx?
-passageway for air from pharynx to trachea
-prevents food from entering respiratory tract
-produces sound
-sneeze and cough reflex
What are the nine cartilages in the larynx?
-epiglottis
-thyroid cartilage
-cricoid cartilage
-cuneiform cartilage (paired)
-corniculate cartilage (paired)
-arytenoid cartilage (paired)
What are some components of the thyroid cartilage?
-largest
-anterior projection/laryngeal prominence or adam’s apple
-anterior and lateral walls but no posterior
What are some components of the cricoid cartilage?
-ring shaped
-inferior to thyroid cartilage
What are some components of the epiglottis?
-spoon shaped
-when swallowing, closes the opening to the larynx
What do the paired cartilages deal with?
Sound production
What are some components of the trachea?
-anterior to the esophagus
-supported by c-shaped cartilage semi rings
What are some components of the main bronchi?
-have complete cartilaginous rings around
-branches into lobar and segmental bronchi
-lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-branch into bronchioles (no rings)
What happens when branching of the bronchi continue?
-incomplete cartilaginous rings become smaller and less numerous
What are some components of bronchioles?
-lined with simple columnar/simple squamous epithelium
-less than 1mm in diameter
-walls contain thick layer of smooth muscle (produces bronchodilation or bronchorestriction)
-branch into terminal bronchioles which are the last tubes of conduction but not the last of bronchioles.
What do terminal bronchioles branch into?
Respiratory bronchioles
What do respiratory bronchioles branch into?
Alveolar ducts
What do alveolar ducts end in?
Alveoli
What are some components of alveoli?
-made up of simple squamous epithelium
-allow for gas exchange
What are alveolar type I cells made up of?
Simple sqamous epithelium (to promote rapid gas exchange within circulatory system)
What do alveolar type II cells produce?
Pulmonary surfactant (reduces surface tension within alveoli to prevent collapse)
What uses phagocytosis to protect alveoli from foreign bodies?
Alveolar macrophages
What does the respiratory membrane do?
BARRIER THAT GASES MUST PASS
THROUGH IN THE LUNGS FOR GAS
EXCHANGE TO OCCUR
What does the respiratory membrane consist of?
-plasma membrane of alveoli
-plasma membrane of capillaries
-fused basement membranes of both cells
What does the fused basement membrane
KEEPS THE TWO CELLS TOGETHER AND
PROVIDES SPACING BETWEEN THE
capillaries around the aveoli
What cavities are the lungs located in?
Left and right pleural cavities
What separates the left and right pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Which pleura lines the pleural cavity
Parietal Pleura
Which pleura lines the lungs
Visceral Pleural
What are some components of the left lung?
-smallest because of the heart
-has a cardiac impression and notch
-oblique fissure divides it into the inferior and superior lobe
-has lingula (area that sticks out in inferior/medial corner)
What are some components of the right lung
-Oblique fissure (separates inferior and middle)
-Horizontal fissure (separates the middle and superior)
What is the hilum
Area where tubes pass in and out of the lungs
(arteries that go through the hilum are part of the pulmonary; arteries that supply the lungs are part of the circulatory)
What is pulmonary ventilation and how does it work?
Moves atomosphere in and out of the lungs.
inhalation- when volume in thoracic cavity increases pressure decreases in lungs
exhalation- when volume in thoracic decreases pressure in lungs increase
What muscles are involved in ventilation
-diagphram
-external intercostals
-internal intercostals (forced exhalation)
Which nervous system branch takes care of breathing
Central Nervous System
Where is the respiratory system found
Medulla Oblongata
What does the dorsal respiratory group do?
RECEIVES INFORMATION FROM SENSORY
RECEPTORS IN THE BODY AND RELAYS THAT INFORMATION TO THE VENTRAL
RESPIRATORY GROUP
What does the ventral respiratory group do?
CONTROLS INHALATION AND EXHALATION BY
WAY OF STIMULATING THE PHRENIC AND INTERCOSTAL NERVES WHICH
STIMULATE THE DIAPHRAGM AND THE INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
What is the digestive system designed to do?
-ingest food
-transport digested food
-digest material into small components
-absorb necessary components into the blood stream
-expel waste products from the body
What is the digestive system divided into?
-GI tract
-Accessory organs
What are the digestive organs?
-oral cavity
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine
What are the accessory digestive organs?
-teeth
-tongue
-salivary glands
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
What does the oral cavity contain?
-cheeks, lips, and palate
-tongue
-teeth
salivary glands
What are the functions of saliva
-moistens ingested food to perform a slick bolus
-moistens, cleans, and lubricates oral cavity
-chemical digestion of certain ingested material
-antibacterial action
-dissolves materials that allow taste receptors on the tongue to be stimulated
What are some components of the parotid gland?
-paired and located anterior to the external ear
-largest salivary gland
-produces 30% of saliva
-saliva leaves through duct in the cheek at level of first upper molar
What are some components of the submandibular gland
-located under the mandible
-produce 65% of saliva
-ducts are found on either side of the lingual frenulum
What are some components of the sublingual glands?
-produces 5% of saliva
-duct that empties inferior to the tongue
What are the two methods of moving materials through the GI tract?
Peristalsis- contracting and relaxing smooth muscle that surround the move. Mixing is minimal. Material is moved in same direction
Segmentation-Material is moved both backwards and forwards by smooth muscle
What are some components of the esophagus?
-located in thoracic cavity
-transports material from laryngopharynx to stomach
-superior esophageal sphincter prevents air from entering the stomach
-inferior esophageal sphincter prevents stomach contents from coming back up
-no digestive juices are released
What is the serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity?
Peritoneum
What is serosa
If visceral peritoneum completely covers the organs, it is the underlying layer
What is the adventita
When the visceral peritoneum only covers part of the organ, it is the underlying layer
What are intraperitoneal organs
Organs covered by peritoneum
What are retroperitoneal organs?
Organs that contract posterior abdominal and pelvic walls
What are serosa and adventita made up of
Areolar CT w collagen and elastic fibers
What are messentaties?
Folds of peritoneum that help support and stabilize intraperitoneal organs
Where is the great omentum?
extends from greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs
Where is the lesser omentum?
Connects from lesser curvature of the stomach/ duodenum of intestine to liver
What does messentary proper do?
Suspends majority of small intestine from posterior wall of abdominopelvic cavity
What does the stomach do?
Recives bolus from esophagus and converts it to chyme (uses both mechanical and chemical)
What does the stomach consist of?
Cardia: area where stomach joins esophagus
Fundles: area superior to the cardia
greater curvature: long curve opposite of cardia
lesser curvature: small curve same side as cardia
body: contains oblique, circular, and longitudinal smooth msucle (deep to superficial)
pylorus: inferior neck
plyloric sphincter: releases chyme into the duodenum
ruggae: allows stomach to expand (aka gastric folds)
What are some components of the small intestine?
Responsible for most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
-chyme is in for 12 hours
-plicae circulaes are found
What are some components of the duodenum?
-first section of small intestine
c-shaped
-common bile duct and main pancreatic duct join and enter duodenum and hepatopancreatic ampulla (opening is major duodenal papilla)
What are some componenents of the jejunum
-joins duodenum at duodenojejunal flexure
-where majority of chemical digestion and absorption occurs
What are some components of the ileum?
-folds contain vili which are covered in microvili (become fewer as tract continues) and allow for increased apsorption of nurtients and water
What does the large intestine do
encloses small insteine and absorbs fluids and ions to turn into feces
Cecum
has ileocecal valve and veriform appendix
ascending colon
goes from ileocecal valve to right colic flexure
transverse colon
is horizontal and ends at left colic flexure
descending colon
travels down
sigmoid colon
S shaped
What are teniae coli
bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that bunch into sacs called haustra
what separates L and R lobes of the liver(anterior)
falciform ligament
what separates L and R lobes of the liver(posterior)
ligamentum venosum
What is the porta hepatis
where common hepatic duct leaves liver and hepatic artery proper enters
Where is the round ligament
inferior to falciform ligament
