Blood/Heart Flashcards
What are the three substances that make up blood?
Erythrocytes, Buffy Coat, and Plasma
What is an erythrocyte
Red blood cell. Not a true cell and make up 44% of blood.
What is the Buffy Coat
Layer of blood that contains leukocytes and platelets (make up 1%)
What is plasma
The liquid ground substance of blood (water and dissolved proteins).
What are the formed elements of blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
What is serum?
When clotting factors are removed from platelets.
What are the three main functions of blood?
Transportation- O2, CO2, nutrients, waste
Regulation- Ph, temperature, fluid levels
Protection- Leukocytes launch immune response and platelets clot.
What are some components of erythrocytes
-No nucleus or organelles
-Bioconcave shape for surface area to increase hemoglobin and to squeeze through capillaries.
-made in red bone marrow
-life expectancy of 120 days
-phagocytized in the spleen and liver
-iron is saved in liver as ferrin until additional production of red blood cells is needed
What is hemoglobin
Molecule that transports oxygen and CO2
-each erythrocyte has 280 mil
-each globin has a non protein heme that contains iron
-each can bind 4 oxygens.
What are the four blood types?
A, B, AB, O
How is blood type determined?
by the presence of surface antigens of erythrocytes.
-A has A, B has B, AB has both, and O has none.
there are dissolved antibodies in plasma
A has anti B, B has anti A, AB has none, O has both
What is the RH blood type?
Whether there is a surface D antigen or not.
-positive has the surface D antigen and no anti D bodies
-negative has no surface D antigens and no anti D antibodies
What happens if you mix blood types?
Agglutination: antibodies bind erythrocytes together forming a clot.
What are some components of leukocytes?
-true cells that undergo mitosis.
-initiate immune response
-largest structure in blood
-can perform diapedisis and chemotaxis
-there are five types
What are the granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
What are the Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
What is diapedesis
When cells leave circulatory system and join interstitial fluid
What is chemotaxis?
Ability to detect toxins and head in the direction of
What are some components of platelets?
-small irregular fragment of megakaryote cell.
-first responder in producing blood clot
What is hemopoeisis
Production of blood
-begin with hemocytoblasts (stem cell)
-lymphoid line produces lymphocytes
-myeloid line produces erythrocytes, megakarocytes, and leukocytes
What does the heart do?
Pumps blood to the lungs and body through contractions of the chambers.
What are arteries
Vessels that take blood away from the heart
What are veins?
Vessels that take blood to the heart
What are the great vessels?
arteries and veins that enter and leave the heart
Why is blood flow unidirectional?
There are valves that open and close
What does the right side of the heart do?
Pump blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)
What does the left side of the heart do?
Pumps blood to the tissues of the body (Systemic circulation)
What is blood pressure?
Pressure of blood pushing against the vessels
(pressure of pulmonary circulation is low compared to systemic)
-a minimum pressure must be maintained to continue circulation
What is the pericardium
The tough sac that encloses the heart
Fibrous pericardium (outer)
Serous pericardium (inner)
a. outer of serous layer is parietal layer
b. inner of serous layer is visceral layer (becomes epicardium)
What is the pericardial cavity?
Cavity filled with serous fluid to reduce friction
Epicardium
Outer wall of heart. Formed from visceral layer of pericardium. Simple Squamous Epithelium and Areolar CT
Myocardium
Middle layer of heart. Made of cardiac muscle tissue
Endocardium
Inner layer of heat. Made of areolar CT
What does the right and left atrium do?
Receive blood from the body and lungs
What does the right and left ventricles do?
Pump blood from the body and lungs
What separates the superior atria (atriums)
Coronary Sulcus
What separates the ventricles
On the front the anterior interventricular sulcus; on the back the posterior interventricular sulcus
What separates the atria from the ventricles?
Fibrous Skeleton
What is the fibrous skeleton made up of?
Dense regular CT
What does the fibrous skeleton do?
Provides structural support and electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles
What does the right atrium receive blood from?
Superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
What separates the right atrium and right ventricle
Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)
What causes valves in the heart to open/close
Pressure
What separates the left and right ventricles
interventricular septum
What are the large, irregular muscle ridges on the inner walls of each ventricle
Trabaculae Carneae
What are the chordae tendinae and what do they attach to
Fibrous CT that connect to the cusps of both atrioventricular valves and papillary muscles
What do the chordae tendineae do?
Prevent the valves from prolapsing (closing)
Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve?
Superior end of right ventricle
What does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into?
The right and left pulmonary arteries
What do the pulmonary arteries do?
They carry the deoxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the smooth area leading up to the pulmonary semilunar valve?
Conus Arteriorsus
What does the left atrium receive?
Oxygenated blood from the lungs
What separates the left atrium and ventricle?
The Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid, mitral)
What does the left ventricle do?
Pump blood to the entire body except the lungs
What separates the left ventricle from the aorta?
The aortic semilunar valve
Which ventricular wall is thicker
The left
What is the only source of oxygenated blood for the heart
The coronary arteries (ascend off the aorta)
What does the right coronary artery branch into?
Right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery
What does the left coronary artery branch into?
The anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery
What are the coronary veins?
Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein
Where do the coronary veins drain into?
The coronary sinus
What junctions are found in the heart?
Gap junctions
What is the ability to generate its own electrical impulses called?
Autorhythimicity
Where do the electrical impulses start?
The sinoatrial node (in the roof of the right atrium and near the superior vena cava)
Where do the impulses from the sinoatrial node pass to?
The atrioventricular node (.1 second delay)
Where do the impulses from the antroventricular node go?
The atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) that branch extend into the interventricular septum
What does the antroventricular bundle bifurcate into?
The right and left bundles
Where do the impulses go after the right and left bundles?
The perkinje fibers
What branch of the autonomic nervous system innervates the sinoatrial node?
Both
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system speeds up the heart?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system slows down the heart?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the cardiac cycle?
The time from the start of a heartbeat to the start of another one
What is it called when a chamber contracts?
Systole
What is it called when a chamber relaxes?
Diastole
