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Anatomy 2320/2325 > Blood/Heart > Flashcards

Blood/Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three substances that make up blood?

A

Erythrocytes, Buffy Coat, and Plasma

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2
Q

What is an erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell. Not a true cell and make up 44% of blood.

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3
Q

What is the Buffy Coat

A

Layer of blood that contains leukocytes and platelets (make up 1%)

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4
Q

What is plasma

A

The liquid ground substance of blood (water and dissolved proteins).

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5
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

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6
Q

What is serum?

A

When clotting factors are removed from platelets.

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7
Q

What are the three main functions of blood?

A

Transportation- O2, CO2, nutrients, waste
Regulation- Ph, temperature, fluid levels
Protection- Leukocytes launch immune response and platelets clot.

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8
Q

What are some components of erythrocytes

A

-No nucleus or organelles
-Bioconcave shape for surface area to increase hemoglobin and to squeeze through capillaries.
-made in red bone marrow
-life expectancy of 120 days
-phagocytized in the spleen and liver
-iron is saved in liver as ferrin until additional production of red blood cells is needed

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9
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Molecule that transports oxygen and CO2
-each erythrocyte has 280 mil
-each globin has a non protein heme that contains iron
-each can bind 4 oxygens.

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10
Q

What are the four blood types?

A

A, B, AB, O

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11
Q

How is blood type determined?

A

by the presence of surface antigens of erythrocytes.
-A has A, B has B, AB has both, and O has none.

there are dissolved antibodies in plasma
A has anti B, B has anti A, AB has none, O has both

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12
Q

What is the RH blood type?

A

Whether there is a surface D antigen or not.
-positive has the surface D antigen and no anti D bodies
-negative has no surface D antigens and no anti D antibodies

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13
Q

What happens if you mix blood types?

A

Agglutination: antibodies bind erythrocytes together forming a clot.

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14
Q

What are some components of leukocytes?

A

-true cells that undergo mitosis.
-initiate immune response
-largest structure in blood
-can perform diapedisis and chemotaxis
-there are five types

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15
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

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16
Q

What are the Agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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17
Q

What is diapedesis

A

When cells leave circulatory system and join interstitial fluid

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18
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Ability to detect toxins and head in the direction of

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19
Q

What are some components of platelets?

A

-small irregular fragment of megakaryote cell.
-first responder in producing blood clot

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20
Q

What is hemopoeisis

A

Production of blood
-begin with hemocytoblasts (stem cell)
-lymphoid line produces lymphocytes
-myeloid line produces erythrocytes, megakarocytes, and leukocytes

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21
Q

What does the heart do?

A

Pumps blood to the lungs and body through contractions of the chambers.

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22
Q

What are arteries

A

Vessels that take blood away from the heart

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23
Q

What are veins?

A

Vessels that take blood to the heart

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24
Q

What are the great vessels?

A

arteries and veins that enter and leave the heart

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25
Q

Why is blood flow unidirectional?

A

There are valves that open and close

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26
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Pump blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)

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27
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Pumps blood to the tissues of the body (Systemic circulation)

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28
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Pressure of blood pushing against the vessels
(pressure of pulmonary circulation is low compared to systemic)
-a minimum pressure must be maintained to continue circulation

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29
Q

What is the pericardium

A

The tough sac that encloses the heart
Fibrous pericardium (outer)
Serous pericardium (inner)
a. outer of serous layer is parietal layer
b. inner of serous layer is visceral layer (becomes epicardium)

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30
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

Cavity filled with serous fluid to reduce friction

31
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer wall of heart. Formed from visceral layer of pericardium. Simple Squamous Epithelium and Areolar CT

32
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer of heart. Made of cardiac muscle tissue

33
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer of heat. Made of areolar CT

34
Q

What does the right and left atrium do?

A

Receive blood from the body and lungs

35
Q

What does the right and left ventricles do?

A

Pump blood from the body and lungs

36
Q

What separates the superior atria (atriums)

A

Coronary Sulcus

37
Q

What separates the ventricles

A

On the front the anterior interventricular sulcus; on the back the posterior interventricular sulcus

38
Q

What separates the atria from the ventricles?

A

Fibrous Skeleton

39
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton made up of?

A

Dense regular CT

40
Q

What does the fibrous skeleton do?

A

Provides structural support and electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles

41
Q

What does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

Superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

42
Q

What separates the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)

43
Q

What causes valves in the heart to open/close

A

Pressure

44
Q

What separates the left and right ventricles

A

interventricular septum

45
Q

What are the large, irregular muscle ridges on the inner walls of each ventricle

A

Trabaculae Carneae

46
Q

What are the chordae tendinae and what do they attach to

A

Fibrous CT that connect to the cusps of both atrioventricular valves and papillary muscles

47
Q

What do the chordae tendineae do?

A

Prevent the valves from prolapsing (closing)

48
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Superior end of right ventricle

49
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into?

A

The right and left pulmonary arteries

50
Q

What do the pulmonary arteries do?

A

They carry the deoxygenated blood to the lungs

51
Q

What is the smooth area leading up to the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Conus Arteriorsus

52
Q

What does the left atrium receive?

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs

53
Q

What separates the left atrium and ventricle?

A

The Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid, mitral)

54
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Pump blood to the entire body except the lungs

55
Q

What separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

A

The aortic semilunar valve

56
Q

Which ventricular wall is thicker

A

The left

57
Q

What is the only source of oxygenated blood for the heart

A

The coronary arteries (ascend off the aorta)

58
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch into?

A

Right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

59
Q

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

A

The anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

60
Q

What are the coronary veins?

A

Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein

61
Q

Where do the coronary veins drain into?

A

The coronary sinus

62
Q

What junctions are found in the heart?

A

Gap junctions

63
Q

What is the ability to generate its own electrical impulses called?

A

Autorhythimicity

64
Q

Where do the electrical impulses start?

A

The sinoatrial node (in the roof of the right atrium and near the superior vena cava)

65
Q

Where do the impulses from the sinoatrial node pass to?

A

The atrioventricular node (.1 second delay)

66
Q

Where do the impulses from the antroventricular node go?

A

The atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) that branch extend into the interventricular septum

67
Q

What does the antroventricular bundle bifurcate into?

A

The right and left bundles

68
Q

Where do the impulses go after the right and left bundles?

A

The perkinje fibers

69
Q

What branch of the autonomic nervous system innervates the sinoatrial node?

A

Both

70
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system speeds up the heart?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

71
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system slows down the heart?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

72
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The time from the start of a heartbeat to the start of another one

73
Q

What is it called when a chamber contracts?

A

Systole

74
Q

What is it called when a chamber relaxes?

A

Diastole

Anatomy 2320/2325 (12 decks)

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