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Comparative Vertebrate Histology > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the embryonic and adult kidneys in Agnathans?

Agnathans: Jawless Fish.

A
  • Embyronic: Holonephros then Pronephros
  • Adult: Mesonephos.

Pronephric Duct is Retained and renamed Mesonephric Duct.

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2
Q

What is the first embryonic kidney of most vertebrates?

A

Pronephros.

Exception is Agnathans which start with a holonephros.

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3
Q

What is the adult kidney of all fish?

A

Mesonephric kidney and ducts.

Also Amphibians.

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4
Q

What is the adult kidney of all amphibians?

A

Mesonephric kidney and ducts.

Also Fish.

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5
Q

What is the deveolpmental order of the kidney from the embryo to adult in amniotes?

A

Embryo: Pronephros –> Mesonephros.
Adult: Metanephros.

Mesonephric ducts degenergate into other organs in the male and vestigial in female.
New ureters will develop from uretic bud, an evagination from caudal mesonephric ducts.

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6
Q

What class of vertebrates has a “True” Urinary Bladder?

A

Amniotes.
True bladders are an adaptation to terrestrial living and will empty via urethra or cloaca.

Only mammals have a urethra.

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7
Q

What are the three basic actions of nephrons?

A
  1. Filtration: Occurs in renal corpuscle, product: Glomerular filtrate- From Blood.
  2. Tubular Resorption: Collection of some elements from glomerular filtrate back into the blood.
  3. Tubular Excretion: Further waste removal from the blood.
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8
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

Behind the peritoneum.
Kidneys are retroperitoneal.

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9
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissue surrounding the kidney from outer to inner most?

A
  • Renal Fascia- Outer.
  • Adipose capsule.
  • Renal Capsule -Inner.
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10
Q

Collective name for the tubules which make up the kidney bean shape pivoting around the renal sinus?

A

Uriniferous tubles.

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11
Q

What is filtered out in glomerular of filtration of blood by the kidneys?

A

Lots, (20% BLD-Plasma) Aside from large proteins and RBC’s. This is due to the pressure from the Afferent arteriole splitting into the specialized “Leaky” Capillary Bed. This BLD plasma is now called glomerular filtrate.

Blood is 55% Plasma. 90% of the water and essential nutrient lost here is resorbed by the uriniferous tubules in the nephron.

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12
Q

What are the 4 basic components of a nephron?

A
  • Renal Corpuscle.
  • Renal Tubule System.
  • Collecting System.
  • Blood Supply.
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13
Q

What are the two main structures of the renal corpuscle?

A
  • Glomerulus.
  • Bowmans capsule.

The renal Corpuscle is in the medulla.

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14
Q

What are the three main parts of the renal tubule?

A
  • Promixal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) Cortex.
  • Loop of Henley (Descending & Ascending) Medulla.
  • Distial Convoluted Tubule (DCT) Cortex.

Henley starts in the Cortex, descends into the medulla and ascends back to the Cortex & becomes the DCT.

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15
Q

What is the regional term for the depression of the kidney where the Renal artery, vein, and ureter travel through/ also refers to the thickened region of the renal pelvis/ ureter.

A

The Renal Hilus.

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16
Q

What is the area on the renal papillae which is formed where the uriniferous utubles (Collucting ducts.) drain?

A

Area Cribosa.

A Perforated Structure.

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17
Q

What are the two major functional parts of the uriniferous tubules of the nephron?

A

Renal Tubules.
Collecting Tubules.

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18
Q

What structure is where filtration begins within a nephron?

A

The glomerulus/ Renal Corpuscle.
Which is made up of fenestrated glomerular capillaries, which sit within a sac called the glomerular/ Bowman’s Capsule, the space in this capsule is where to glomerular filitrate will empty into.

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19
Q

Where does glomerular filtrate empty into?

A

Glomerular/ Bowman’s Capsulular space/ Urinary space.
The capsule has a visceral and paerietal layer.

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20
Q

What is the structure which contains the glomerular capillaries and the capsule called?

A

The Glomerulus/ Renal Corpuscle.

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21
Q

What are golmeruli which lack the Glomerular/ Bowman Capsule?

A

External Glomeruli.
These will intsead be located within a peritoneal fold. glomerular filtrate will filter across both the fenestrated capillaries and the peritoneum & enter the peritoneal cavity to be picked up by a modified renal tubule which will have a funnel shaped opening, and usually cillia (Nephrostome.)

Generally associated with Holonephros & Pronephros. So, embryonic and larval vertebrates only.
and will usually become internal with growth.

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22
Q

A structure of primitive kidneys that collects glomerular filtrate from external glomeruli?

A

Nephrostome.
A funnel shaped modifed renal tube.
Usually has cillia to keep flow or glomerular filtrate moving toawards it.

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23
Q

What tubule receives the glomerular filtrate?

A

The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT).
Found in the cortex, leads into the medulla.

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24
Q

What tubule comes after the Proximal Convuluted Tubule (PCT)?

A

The Proximal Striaght Tubule/
Desceding limb of the loop of Henley.

Located in the medulla & Traveling down from the Cortex.

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25
Q

What tubule receives precocial urine from the descending loop of henle?

Also called the Proximal Striaght Tubule.

A

The Distal Striaght Tubule/
Ascending Limb of the loop of Henley.

In the Medulla traveling to the Cortex.

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26
Q

What tubule recieves precocial urine from the Ascending loop of Henle?

A

The Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT).

Located in the cortex and attatches to collecting tubules.

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27
Q

What tubule recieves precocial urine from the Distal Convuluted Tubule?

A

The collecting tubules which then drain into the collecting duct.

Collecting tubules are in the cortex while the collecting duct travels down the medullar to the renal papilla.

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28
Q

What is the portion of the collecting duct which runs down the medulla to the papillary called?

A

The Papillary Duct AKA Ducts of bellini, they will cluster in parallel within the medulla causing visual medullary rays (Located in the cortex).

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29
Q

What do the left and right Renal Arteries branch off from?

A

The Abdominal Aorta.

One renal Artery goes to each kidney. (Muscular Artery.)

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30
Q

When the Renal arteries enter the kidney through the hilus region they branch, what are these arteries called?

A

The Dorsal and Ventral Segmental Arteries.

Can be seen they may branch into more than two segmental (Muscular) Arteries. Ventral/ Dorsal Divisions (each side is Ventral or Dorsal.)

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31
Q

What Arteries do the Segmental Arteries branch into?

A

The Lobar Arteries.
Sometimes the Segmentals will branch directly into the Interlobar arteries. This is becuase some segmentals will branch directly to the Cortical Columns (ie. The interlobular Arteries.).

(Muscular)

32
Q

What Arteries do the Lobar arteries branch into?

A

The Interlobar Arteries.
These will penetrate into the cortical columns and travel down into the corticomedullary junction and then bifurcating.

(Muscular.)

33
Q

What Arteries do the Interlobar Arteries branch into, where?

A

At the Corticomedullary Junction birfucates into Arcuate Arteries, These arch around the base of the medullary pyramid.

(Muscular.)

34
Q

What do the Arcuate Arteries bifurcate into?

A

Interlobular arteries.
These travel twords the glomeruli.

LOBULAR!! NOT LOBAR. (Muscular.)

35
Q

What do the Interlobular Arteries bifurcate into?

A

The Afferent Arterioles which will branch into the glomerular capillaries (within the renal corpuscle).

(Arterioles.)

36
Q

What do the Afferent Arterioles lead to?

A

The glomerular capillaries: Rudimentary filtration of the blood, only formed elements and large proteins are kept in circulation.

37
Q

What do the Glomerular Capillaries drain into?

A

The Efferent Arteriole.

38
Q

What do Efferent Arterioles drain into?

A

Depends on the type of nephron:
Cortical (Most Abundant.): Peritubular Capillaries.
Juxtamedullary: Peritubular capillaries & Vasa Recta: Associated with the Loop of Henley.

39
Q

What is the difference between the cortical nephrons and the juxtamedullary nephron?

A

The Juxtamedullary nephrons is less abundant, in the Juxtaomedullary zone, and has a much longer loop of henley into the medulla; this allows for more osmosis by the vasa recta to further concentrate urine.

40
Q

What is the difference between the Corticomedullary Junction and the Juxtamedullary Zone?

A
  • Corticomedullary Junction: Where the Cortex of the kindey changes into the Medulla.
  • Juxtamedullary Zone: The Zone of the Cortex that is adjacent to the Medulla.
41
Q

What type of Nephrons do adult Reptiles have?
Type of Kidney?

A

Metanephric kindey.
Only one type of nephron most similar to the cortical nephron of mammals, but lack the loop of henle.

42
Q

What is lacking in Reptillian nephrons compared to mammals?

A

Most similar to Cortical nephrons but, Lacking Loop of Henle.

43
Q

What type of Nephrons do adult Aves have?
Type of Kidney?

A

They have two types of nephrons that are similar to the two types in mammals, but some lack the Loop of Henley.

Mammals have Cortical and Juxtamedullary Nephrons.

44
Q

What tubules are the peritubular capillaries involved with?

A

The Distal and Proximal Convoluted Tubules (Both in the Cortex.)

45
Q

Why is the Mammalian Kidney considered to be the most efficient kidney?

A

Due to the presence/ abundace of the Vasa Recta.
This will form a vascular counter current to assist filtration gradient and reabsorption of hydration, some nutrient & some further exretion of waste.

46
Q

What is hyperosmolarity?

A

This is when the blood is more concentrated than the surrounding environment.

47
Q

What is the leaving the glomerular capillary bed in filtration?

A

20% of the Blood’s Plasma, now called Glomerulare Filtrate.

48
Q

Where does Resorption in the uriniferous tubules occur?

A

Primarily by the vascularture associated with the Proximal Convoluted Tubule & The Descending loop of Henley.
The Distal Convoluted Tubule and collecting ducts may also contribute if ADH is present.

ADH: Anti Diuretic Hormone from the Pituitary.

49
Q

How is the higher gradient of salts in the medulla maintained?

A

The descending Loop of Henley which enters the Medulla starts is concentrated and will absorb most of the water that is drawn out by the concentration gradient within the medulla. Salts (Na, Cl) are Actively Transported out of the ascending Loop of Henley, which is not water permeable.

ADH will determine the permeability by water in the collecting ducts of the medulla, usually dehydration, then still absorbed by the descending loop of henley.

50
Q

Physiology Reminder to help understand.

A
51
Q

What drains the Vasa Recta and Peritubular capillary beds?

A

The Interlobular veins.

(Small Vein.)

52
Q

What drains the Interlobular Veins?

A

The Arcuate veins.

(Medium Vein.)

53
Q

What drains the Arcuate Veins?

A

The Interlobar Veins

(Medium Vein.)

54
Q

What Drains the Interlobar Veins?

A

The Lobar Veins.

(Large Veins.)

55
Q

The drains the Lobar Veins?

A

The Renal Vein, which will exit the kidney through the hilus region.
(Non-mammalian- Fish and Amphibians may have Segmental veins which will drain into the Renal Veins).

56
Q

What drains the Renal Veins?

A

They will drain into the Inferior Vena Cava.

Leads to Superior Vena Cava then Right Atrium of the heart.

57
Q

What are the two poles of the glomerulus?

A

Vascular Pole: Where the glomerular capillaries start.
Urinary Pole: Where the Urinary space Drains into the proximal convulated tubule.

58
Q

What is the epithelium type of the parietal and visceral layers of the glomerulus?

A

Parietal: Simple Squamous (Towards urinary pole may shift into simple cuboidal of the PCT.)
Visceral: Simple modified; Podocytes. (Modified Squamous- has finger-like projections. )

59
Q

What covers the fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus?

A

simple layer of Podocytes.
These are modifidied squamous cells with fingerlike projections called Pedicels.

60
Q

What are the fingerlike projections of podocytes called?

A

Pedicels.

61
Q

What type of capillaries make up the Glomerulus/ Glomerular Tuft?

A

Fenestrated Capillaries.

62
Q

The podocytes of the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle use their pedicels and interlace with pedicels of other podocytes, what are the slits in between called?

A

Slit Pores/ Filtration Slits.

63
Q

What is the name of the thin membrane which covers the slit pores of the glomerular tuft?

A

Slit Membrane.

64
Q

What do the fenestrated capillaries of the renal corpuscle lack?

A

A Diaphragm membrane across the fenestra (Usually is like a window film of the fenestra.)
Lacking this allows for faster flow across the fenestra.

65
Q

What are the three barriers that filtrate encounters in order from within capillaries of the glomeraular tufts to the urinary space?

A
  1. Through the fenestra of the capillary: Rapid Flow, Formed elements blocked.
  2. Through the Basal Lamina of the capillary: selective must be under 10nm & 68,000 amu. may also select based on charge. (Can be damaged by high pressures & lg Sizes.)
  3. Slit Pores.

Albumin 65,000 amu (Fits.).

66
Q

Net difference in the sum of glomerular hydrostatic pressure (in Capillaries.) and osmotic pressure of the capsule?

A

Filtration Pressure.

67
Q

In what renal tubules does majority (~80%) of resorption take place?

A

The Proximal Tubules
(Primarily the proximcal Convoluted. PCT.)

68
Q

What group of capillaries is performing most of resorption?

A

Peritubular capillaries located on the PCT.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule.

69
Q

What is the epithelium of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?
What are it’s 4 adaptations?

A

Simple Cuboidal.
* Intercellular Interdigitations.
* Basal Infolding of Plasmallema.
* Many Basal Mitochondira.
* Brush Border, Long Microvilli.

Central & Spherical Nucleus.

70
Q

Types of Cellular Modifications Reminder.

A
71
Q

What are the only types of tubules seen in the inner Medulla?

A

Ascending and Descedning Thin segments of henley.
-Also Collecting ducts.

Hard to tell apart on slide, Descending may stain darker due to higher involvment in water resorption.

72
Q

Which of the thick straight tubules will be seen further into the medulla? (Inner Stripe.)

A

The Thick Ascending/ Distal Striaght Tubule.

73
Q

What is the epitheluim of the Thick Descending Limb/ Thick Striaght Proxmial Tuble?

A

Same as the PCT:
Simple Cuboidal.
* Intercellular Interdigitations.
* Basal Infolding of Plasmallema.
* Many Basal Mitochondira.
* Brush Border, Long Microvilli.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule.

74
Q

What is the epithelium of the Thin segments of the loop of Henley?
(3-4 Characteristics.)

A

Simple Squamous.
* Appearance of larger lumen.
* Nuclei bulge into the lumen.
* Each cell has a single flagellum into the lumen.
* Lack of basal infolding & less mitochondria.

Ascending Vs. Descending: Hard to tell apart on slide, Descending may stain darker due to higher involvment in water resorption.

75
Q

What does a renal lobe consist of?

A

A medullary pyramid and the renal columns flanking it.

76
Q
A

Comparative Vertebrate Histology (11 decks)

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