Urinary

Question 1

What are the embryonic and adult kidneys in Agnathans?

Agnathans: Jawless Fish.

Answer 1

• Embyronic: Holonephros then Pronephros
• Adult: Mesonephos.

Pronephric Duct is Retained and renamed Mesonephric Duct.

Question 2

What is the first embryonic kidney of most vertebrates?

Answer 2

Pronephros.

Exception is Agnathans which start with a holonephros.

Question 3

What is the adult kidney of all fish?

Answer 3

Mesonephric kidney and ducts.

Also Amphibians.

Question 4

What is the adult kidney of all amphibians?

Answer 4

Mesonephric kidney and ducts.

Also Fish.

Question 5

What is the deveolpmental order of the kidney from the embryo to adult in amniotes?

Answer 5

Embryo: Pronephros –> Mesonephros.
Adult: Metanephros.

Mesonephric ducts degenergate into other organs in the male and vestigial in female.
New ureters will develop from uretic bud, an evagination from caudal mesonephric ducts.

Question 6

What class of vertebrates has a “True” Urinary Bladder?

Answer 6

Amniotes.
True bladders are an adaptation to terrestrial living and will empty via urethra or cloaca.

Only mammals have a urethra.

Question 7

What are the three basic actions of nephrons?

Answer 7

1. Filtration: Occurs in renal corpuscle, product: Glomerular filtrate- From Blood.
2. Tubular Resorption: Collection of some elements from glomerular filtrate back into the blood.
3. Tubular Excretion: Further waste removal from the blood.

Question 8

What does retroperitoneal mean?

Answer 8

Behind the peritoneum.
Kidneys are retroperitoneal.

Question 9

What are the three layers of connective tissue surrounding the kidney from outer to inner most?

Answer 9

• Renal Fascia- Outer.
• Adipose capsule.
• Renal Capsule -Inner.

Question 10

Collective name for the tubules which make up the kidney bean shape pivoting around the renal sinus?

Answer 10

Uriniferous tubles.

Question 11

What is filtered out in glomerular of filtration of blood by the kidneys?

Answer 11

Pretty much everything aside from large proteins and RBC’s

Most of the water and essential nutrient lost here is resorbed by the proximal tubule during tubular resorption in the nephron.

Question 12

What are the 4 basic components of a nephron?

Answer 12

• Renal Corpuscle.
• Renal Tubule System.
• Collecting System.
• Blood Supply.

Question 13

What are the two main structures of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 13

• Glomerulus.
• Bowmans capsule.

The renal Corpuscle is in the medulla.

Question 14

What are the three main parts of the renal tubule?

Answer 14

• Promixal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) Cortex.
• Loop of Henley (Descending & Ascending) Medulla.
• Distial Convoluted Tubule (DCT) Cortex.

Henley starts in the Cortex, descends into the medulla and ascends back to the Cortex & becomes the DCT.

Question 15

What is the regional term for the depression of the kidney where the Renal artery, vein, and ureter travel through/ also refers to the thickened region of the renal pelvis/ ureter.

Answer 15

The Renal Hilus.

Question 16

What is the area on the renal papillae which is formed where the uriniferous utubles drain?

Answer 16

Area Cribosa.

A Perforated Structure.

Question 17

What are the two major functional parts of the uriniferous tubules of the nephron?

Answer 17

Renal Tubules.
Collecting Tubules.

Question 18

What structure is where filtration begins within a nephron?

Answer 18

The glomerulus/ Renal Corpuscle.
Which is made up of fenestrated glomerular capillaries, which sit within a sac called the glomerular/ Bowman’s Capsule, the space in this capsule is where to glomerular filitrate will empty into.

Question 19

Where does glomerular filtrate empty into?

Answer 19

Glomerular/ Bowman’s Capsule.
The capsule has a visceral and paerietal layer.

Question 20

What is the structure which contains the glomerular capillaries and the capsule called?

Answer 20

The Glomerulus/ Renal Corpuscle.

Question 21

What are golmeruli which lack the Glomerular/ Bowman Capsule?

Answer 21

External Glomeruli.
These will intsead be located within a peritoneal fold. glomerular filtrate will filter across both the fenestrated capillaries and the peritoneum & enter the peritoneal cavity to be picked up by a modified renal tubule which will have a funnel shaped opening, and usually cillia (Nephrostome.)

Generally associated with Holonephros & Pronephros. So, embryonic and larval vertebrates only.
and will usually become internal with growth.

Question 22

A structure of primitive kidneys that collects glomerular filtrate from external glomeruli?

Answer 22

Nephrostome.
A funnel shaped modifed renal tube.
Usually has cillia to keep flow or glomerular filtrate moving toawards it.

Question 23

What tubule receives the glomerular filtrate?

Answer 23

The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT).
Found in the cortex, leads into the medulla.

Question 24

What tubule comes after the Proximal Convuluted Tubule (PCT)?

Answer 24

The Proximal Striaght Tubule.

Located in the medulla