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Comparative Vertebrate Histology > Epithelial Tissues. > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissues. Flashcards

1
Q

What germ layers can epithelium arise from?

A

All three germ layers: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm.

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2
Q

What epitheliums does the Endoderm give rise to?

A

The epitheliums lining the:
- GI tract and glands
- Respiratory tract and it’s glands
- Lining of the bladder and parts of the urogenital system.

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3
Q

Classification of tissue that can have one or multiple layers, with cells closely. packed together- little extracellular matrix.

A

Epithelial tissue.

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4
Q

Single layer of cells which line the lumenal surface of blood vessels, heart and lymphatic vessels?

A

The endothelium: vascular and lymphatic types. They assist with blood and lymph flow.
The endothelium is the type of epithelium which generally has no possible interaction to outside the body.

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5
Q

What epithelium does the mesoderm give rise to?

A
  • The lining of the serous membranes of the body (Mesothelium.).
  • Lining of most portions of the urogenital system.
  • Most of the kidneys and ureters.
  • The lumenal surfaces of the blood vessels and heart (endothelium.)
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6
Q

What lines the serous membranes of the body and rises from the mesoderm?
Type of tissue, and name the three serous membranes.

A

The mesothelium which is a simple squamous epithelium.
Lines the pericardium, pleura, peritoneal and tunica vaginalis.

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7
Q

What is the Pericardium?

A

Thin serous sac which covers the heart.
simple squamous lining.

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8
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Thin serous sac covering the lungs and lines the interior of the chest cavity.

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9
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Thin serous sac lining the abdominal cavity.

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10
Q

What are the two parts of the mesothelium?

A

Parietal and Visceral. Visceral covers the inner organs and parietal covers the body cavity.

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11
Q

What are the two visceral folds of the peritoneum? what do they cover?

A

The mesentery a fold in the back of the abdomen covering the intestines and attaching them to the intestinal wall.
The omentum in the front of the abdomen: Greater: extending from the bottom curve of the stomach and covering the front of the small and large intestines.
Lesser: extend from the liver attaching to the upper curve of the stomach and duodenum.

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12
Q

What epithelium does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

Tissue covering the body surface (e.g Skin)
Portions of the GI tract (e.g. anal canal, extrinsic glands, oral cavity, taste buds, tooth enamel.)
Lining of portions of the eyes, ears, and nose.
Neuroepithelial cells.

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13
Q

What are the larger distinct glands which secrete substances onto the body’s surface?

A

Extrinsic glands.
In the GI system this can include salivary, pancreatic and liver glands- outside of the alimentary canal.

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14
Q

Group of cells which are induced by the notochord to differentiate from the surrounding ectoderm. This occurs early on in an embryo.

A

Neuroectoderm.

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15
Q

What does the neuroectoderm give rise to?

A

The CNS, PNS and some glial cells. (neuroepithelial.)

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16
Q

What can Neuroepithelial cells do?

A

respond to stimuli and send out an impulse.

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17
Q

What is the Tunica Vaginalis?

A

Serous membrane which is derived from the peritoneum and surrounds the testes and epididymis.

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18
Q

What are the two parts to a serous membrane?

A

The parietal and visceral parts. Parietal refers to the body wall side and visceral is the inner portion of the serous sac.

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19
Q

Fluid filled body cavity of an animal which contains it’s inner organs?

A

Coelom

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20
Q

What body cavity/ surface is not lined by epithelium?

A

The joint cavities.

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21
Q

What does the epithelium rest on?

A

The basement membrane (acellular) and an underlaying loose connective tissue layer.

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22
Q

How does the epithelium get nutrition?

A

Via diffusion from the blood stream capillary beds in the underlying connective tissue. The epithelium itself is generally avascular.

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23
Q

How do majority of the bodies glands form?

A

Invaginations of the epithelium into the connective tissue beneath.

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24
Q

Glands which secrete into a series of ducts?

A

Exocrine.

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25
Q

Glands which secrete into the blood stream?

A

Endocrine.

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26
Q

Almost everything that enters/ exits the body, passes through, synthesized by, or is modified by what?

A

The epithelium.

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27
Q

A process where a differentiated mature cells become different a type of differentiated mature cells?

A

Metaplasia. Usually occurs in response to stimuli.
Occurs in tissues not just singular cells.

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28
Q

Morphological and/or functional transformation from one
type of tissue into another type of the same class.

A

Metaplasia

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29
Q

The bronchi are lined primarily by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, when exposed to an irritant such as tobacco over time this tissue is replaced by simple squamous epithelium.
What is this an example of?

A

Metaplasia. (Since this is not dysplasia it can be reversible.)

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30
Q

What is the replacement of cells/ tissues with abnormal, and usually immature cells?

A

Dysplasia, this is not usually reversible and is considered a form of pre cancer.

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31
Q

What are the 9 functions of epithelium across the different types?

A
  • Protection
  • Lubrication
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Transport
  • Excretion
  • Sensory reception and transduction
  • Reproduction
  • Secretion
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32
Q

What are the 3 super classes of epithelia?

A
  • Surface.
  • Glandular.
  • Special.
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33
Q

Single layer of epithelia?

A

Simple.

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34
Q

Multiple layers of epithelia?

A

Stratified.

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35
Q

Scale like flattened cells?
(literally means “scale-like” )

A

Squamous.

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36
Q

Where is Simple Squamous epithelium commonly found?

A
  • Small glandular ducts
  • The Mesothelium lining the closed coelomic cavities (serous membranes.)
  • Endothelium (lumen of heart blood and lymph vessels.)
  • Bronchioles and alveoli
    -Bowmans capsules and loops of henle.
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37
Q

What is the lumenal surface?

A

The inner surface of a tubular structure.

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38
Q

What is the tissue which makes up the serous membranes? what is it made of?

A

The Serosa, this is composed of the mesothelium and connective tissue.

39
Q

What is the tissue which is the outermost layer of some organs and anchors them into place with only connective tissue?

A

Adventitia.

40
Q

What are the 3 functions simple squamous epithelium is well suited for?

A
  • Lubrication (Fluid environments)
  • Metabolite
  • Gas exchange.
41
Q

A thin layer of extracellular glycoprotein matrix secreted by epithelial cells, only visible with electron microscope.

A

Basal Lamina.

42
Q

A thin dense layer of extracellular matrix containing the basal lamina and reticular lamina

A

The basement membrane.

43
Q

Which inclusive membrane category is capable of regeneration and repair?

A

Epithelial membranes.

44
Q

Single sheet of hexagonal shaped cells of equal height and width.

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium. (typically have a centrally located nucleus.)

45
Q

What are the 5 areas where simple cuboidal epithelium is commonly found?

A
  • Glandular termini and ducts.
  • The parenchyma of the liver.
  • Rete Testis (small tubules which connect the testes to the epididymis and transport sperm in that direction.)
  • Surface of the ovaries.
  • Segments of the renal tubules.
46
Q

3 functions of simple cuboidal?

A
  • Absorption.
  • Secretion.
  • Protection.
47
Q

Cells which are taller than they are wide?

A

Columnar, usually have a basally located ovoid nucleus.

48
Q

What are 4 common locations of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  • Ducts of many glands
  • Lining of stomach, intestines & gall bladder.
  • Some small respiratory passageways
  • portions of the oviducts, uterus, and cervical canal.
49
Q

What are the 2 main functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Secretion and Absorption.

50
Q

A single sheet of cells taller than they are wide with nucleus’s in various positions of the cells.

A

Pseudostratified epithelium.
Although not all the cells may reach the apical surface they should all reach the basement membrane.

51
Q

What are four common locations for pseudostratified epithelium?

A
  • Many of the Respiratory passageways
  • Eustachian tube and portions of the middle ear.
  • Portions of the male penis in some vertebrates
  • Portions of the male accessory sex organs some vertebrates.
52
Q

What are the 3 main functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A
  • Lining.
  • Secretion.
  • Absorption.
53
Q

What are the common functions of goblet cells and cilia?

A

Goblet cells secrete mucous and cilia help move particles/ cells across their surface.

54
Q

how are stratified epithelial classified?

A

By the most apical layer, the inner layers may be differently shaped.

55
Q

What is parenchyma and stroma?

A

Parenchyma denotes the functional tissue of an organ and the stroma is structural support for the parenchyma.

56
Q

Cilia Vs microvilli Vs Villi?

A

Cilia are small hair-like projections which move things along their surface (think getting dust out of respiratory tract.) Called “Striated Border.”
Microvilli look like a thick border on the cells and are finger like projections which increase surface area for absorption called “Brush Border”.
Villi are larger structures involving multiple cells to create finger-like projections to increase surface area for absorption.

57
Q

What are the two categories of stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Keratinized and Mucous type (non-keratinized.).

58
Q

What are 6 places where mucous type stratified squamous is commonly found?

A
  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Pharynx
  • Vagina
  • Anal Canal
  • Amphibious and Fish Skin.
59
Q

What are 3 unique things regarding characteristics of keratinized stratified squamous?

A
  • Outer layer is dead/ anucleated and filled with keratin.
  • Designed for abrasion.
  • Designed for desiccation.
60
Q

Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium commonly found?

A

All over the body where the surface exposed to the world. (excluding the cornea- mucous type.).

61
Q

Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium commonly found?

A

Larger glandular ducts- usually only 2 layers thick. (not very prominent.) (Usually exocrine such as parotid and sweat glands.)

62
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium commonly found?

A

Portions of the larynx, pharynx the largest glandular ducts and mammalian male urethra.

63
Q

Multiple layers of variable shaped cells, dome shaped on the top.

A

Transitional Epithelium. (occasionally bi-nucleated.)

64
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found? What is functional about it?

A

Usually only found throughout the urinary system (Bladder, urethra etc.), in metanephric (permanent.) kidneys it lines the renal pelvis and ureters.
The dome topped edges give it great ability to stretch.

65
Q

Single cells or groups of cells designed for secretion?

A

Glandular cells (Own group of epithelia.).

66
Q

What are the two types of glandular epithelia?
How are they different?

A
  • Endocrine: Into capillary beds–> BLD stream and into body.
  • Exocrine: Into a series of ducts —> not absorbed into body.
67
Q

Merocrine Secretion:

A

Exocrine, most common. Exocytosis into ducts/ onto body. Does not damage the cells (usually secretes mucus or protein.).

68
Q

Apocrine secretion?

A

Exocrine.
Secretory products are “budded” off from the apical end, closer to cell division and does not involve homotypic membrane fusion like exocytosis.
(EX: Some sweat glands, ceruminous (earwax) glands, and lipid secretion in mammary glands.)

69
Q

Holocrine secretion?

A

Exocrine- Sebaceous.
The cells membrane ruptures releasing it’s contents into a duct. (oil glands of mammals and birds.)

70
Q

Brief Sebaceous Vs. Sudoriferous glands?

A

Sebaceous releases oil/ sebum. (Holocrine.)
Sudoriferous releases sweat. (Merocrine.)

71
Q

What are the 4 factors for classifying exocrine glands?

A
  • Cell # (uni/multicellular.)
  • Duct System (simple or compound.)
  • Nature of secretion (Mucous, serous, seromucus.)
  • Mode of secretion ( Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine.)
72
Q

What kind of cell is a goblet cell?

A

A unicellular exocrine gland.

73
Q

What is branching and non-branching duct called?

A

Branching: Exocrine Multicellular Compound
Non-branching: Exocrine Multicellular Simple

74
Q

What are the 3 types of multicellular exocrine glands?

A
  • Sheet glands (found as mucous glands of stomach.).
  • Intraepithelial glands (found as urethral mucous glands.).
  • complex glands with ducts (most numerous and are further organized and distinguished.)
75
Q

What is an alveolar/ Acinar gland?

A

Round bottom flask shaped.

75
Q

What is a tubular gland?

A

Test tube shaped.

76
Q

Can you have a simple branched exocrine gland?

A

Yes, it is not compound until it has branching on it’s branches.

77
Q

What is are the 3 classifications of simple exocrine glands?

A

Acinar/ Alveolar, Tubular, and Coiled. (Acinar and Alveolar can be simple branched.)

78
Q

What is a tubuloacinar gland?

A

A gland with both tubular and acinar/ alveolar properties- usually compound.

79
Q

What do mucus glands secrete?

A

The glycoprotein: mucin. (Mucin stains -poorly.)

80
Q

What do serous glands secrete?

A

Serous- a watery fluid containing a proteinaceous component. (stains well.)

81
Q

What are the two structures seromucus glans occur as?

A

Demilunes and mixed alveolar.

82
Q

What are demilunes?

A

Seromucus glands. They are primarily a mucous gland with a serous “cap” and give a half moon appearance.

83
Q

What is also known as basal or basket cells?

A

Myoepithelial cells.

84
Q

What are specialized epithelial cells which are contractile in nature?

A

Myoepithelial cells.

85
Q

What is the origin, function and discrete location of myoepithelial cells?

A

They arise from the ectoderm- unlike muscle cells (however both contain myofibrils.)
They contract to squeeze the contents of glands out.
They are located between the portions of secretory cells and the basement membrane of certain cells.

86
Q

What are two examples of special epithelia?

A

Neuroepithelium and germinal epithelium,
These epithelium that have specialized functions.

87
Q

What is the effective and recovery stroke of cilia in action called?

A

Mucociliary clearance.

88
Q

Surface coat (usually apical) over some cells containing complex carbohydrates associated with proteins on/ or embedded into the cell membrane?
What is it’s four functions?

A

Glycocalyx. It’s functions are:
- Cellular recognition.
- Adhesion/ binding of molecules.
- Concentrate certain ions for absorption by cell.
- Chemical RXNs.

89
Q

What are the lateral adaptations/ specializations of cells?

A

Usually a type of cell junction.
- Tight Junction/ Zona Occludens- Total cell seal.
- Desmosomes/ macula adherens- protein plaques linked by intermediate filaments. (may also be found at basement membrane- hemidesmosome.)
- Zonula adherens- linkage via microfilaments
- Gap junctions/ macula communicans- make a channel between two cells each with their own connexon where small/ water soluble ions can travel.

90
Q

What is the layer of basement membrane beneath epithelium closest to the surrounding connective tissue?
What is it composed of and produced by?

A

The reticular layer.
Composed of reticular fibers embedded in glycoproteins and polysaccharides.
- Produced by the connective tissue.

90
Q

What is a connexon?

A

The half part of what could be a gap junction. When they come together they form a channel between cells.
Connexons are made up of connexins.

91
Q

What are the functions of the basement membrane?

A

To connect the epithelia to the connective tissue below, provide some cushion and in some cases (kidneys) provide some filtration.

92
Q

A dense accumulation of filaments running below and parallel to the apical surface of cells with apical adaptations.
What is it and it’s function?

A

The terminal web. It functions to anchor appendages such as microvilli or cilia.

Comparative Vertebrate Histology (11 decks)

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