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Comparative Vertebrate Histology > Histology Intro > Flashcards

Histology Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the outermost of the 3 primordial germ layers of embryonic development?

A

Ectoderm.

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2
Q

Which class of tissue can arise from all 3 primordial germ layers?

A

Epithelium tissue.

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3
Q

Which class of tissue only develops from the ectoderm?

A

Nervous tissue.

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4
Q

Which lens of a light microscope focuses the light from the source into a cone which will illuminate the specimen.

A

The Condenser lens.

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5
Q

Smallest distance that can be seen between two visibly separate objects?

A

Resolution

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6
Q

Process in microscopy histoprep cutting the tissue thin enough to transmit light through?

A

Sectioning.

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7
Q

What form of electron microscopy shows the surface features of what is being studied?

A

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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8
Q

What type of molecule primarily makes up the backbone of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids.

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9
Q

Intercellular-junction where the two adjacent cell membranes fuse at a point, becoming one membrane which also holds the cells together?

A

Tight Junction/ Zona occludens.

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10
Q

What form of transport of large molecules across a membrane has three types? What are they?

A

Endocytosis:
- Phagocytosis.
- Pinocytosis.
- Receptor mediated.

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11
Q

What is translation?
Which organelle is primarily involved?

A

mRNA–> Proteins.
Done by ribosomes.

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12
Q

Which organelle has a maze of parallel internal membranes which connect the nucleus to other cellular structures and the cell membrane?

A

The Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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13
Q

Which organelle packages cellular products?

A

Golgi Apparatus.

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14
Q

What is smallest of the three classes of cytoskeletal components found in animal cells?

A

Microfilaments ~7nm.

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15
Q

What are the three components of the cytokeleton?

A

Microtubules 25nm.
Intermediary Filaments 10nm.
Microfilaments ~7nm.

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16
Q

9 pairs of microtubules arranged in a ring around a central pair of microtubules forming the core of a flagellum or cilium?

A

Axoneme.

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17
Q

What type of cytoplasmic inclusion is golden-brown in color and has a high iron content?

A

Hemosiderin- Iron containing pigment. Usually comes from the disintegration of RBC’s which contain ferritin- a protein that stores iron.

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18
Q

What is a cytoplasmic inclusion?

A

A non-living substance stored in the cytoplasm and are not bound by membranes.

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19
Q

What gives rise to all cells in the body at first?

A

A fertilized egg cell which is totipotent.

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20
Q

What population of cells is segregated early in development and retains it’s totipotentiality?

A

Germ Line Cells.

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21
Q

What 3 things develop at gastrulation?

A

The germ layers: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm.

22
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

3-8 weeks in vertebrates, this is the process of the blastula (2 layers.) becoming a gastrula (3 germ layers)

23
Q

What are the two layers of the blastula?

A

The Inner Cell Mass (ICM/ or Embryoblast.) and the Trophoblast (Outer layer.).

24
Q

What cellular regions usually stain darker with a basic stain and why?

A

Chromatin, nuclear proteins, and phosphate groups. Basic stains are positively charged (Cationic) while these components have a (-) charge.

25
Q

What cellular regions usually stain with an acidic stain and why?

A

Cytoplasm, muscle, collagen and connective tissue. Acidic stains have a (-) charge and are attracted to (+) tissues.

26
Q

What can affect the charges of tissues and therefore the staining?

A

PH.

27
Q

What are these: Fuchsin, Toluidine blue and Methylene blue

A

Naturally basic stains.

28
Q

What is eosin stain?

A

An Acidic Anionic Stain.

29
Q

What is H & E?

A

Widely used stain combination: Haematoxylin (basic) & Eosin (acidic)

30
Q

What is PAS?

A

Periodic Acid Schiff: A (red-purple light pink) stain used that highlights fungal cells walls, mucins, glyocgen, etc.

31
Q

Plasmalemma?

A

The cell membrane.

32
Q

What is the small darkly stained body within a nucleus?

A

The nucleolus.

33
Q

What is a common component of dehydration of specimens?

A

Ethly Alcohol.

34
Q

What are two common embedding media?

A

Paraffin wax and epoxy.

35
Q

Class of membrane protein which does not extend in the hydrophobic tail portion of the membrane?

A

Peripheral Proteins.
They are not embedded in the cell membrane.

36
Q

Class of membrane protein which extends into the hydrophobic tail region of the membrane?
Type that extends all the way through?

A

Integral proteins, embedded into the membrane.

Integral which extends all the way through is a Transmembrane protein.

37
Q

What is typically located on the external surface of the plasmallema forming glycoproteins/ lipids, and often serves as a receptor site?

A

Carbohydrates.

38
Q

Intercellular-junction where the two adjacent cells communicate via channels/ passageways.

A

Gap junctions/ Nexus/ communicating junctions/ macula communicans.
Usually for ions.
Cells are ~2nm apart.
Bridges are called connexons.

39
Q

Intercellular Junction which holds 2 cells together using proteinaceous filaments between two proteins units on the P-face

A

Desmosomes/ Zona Adherens.
Gap of ~5nm between cells.

40
Q

P-Face?

A

Protoplasmic face of the membrane, the inner side.

41
Q

Osmosis?

A

Passive Movement of solvent molecules across the concentration gradient of a membrane.

42
Q

Dialysis?

A

Movement of solute molecules.

43
Q

Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Passive Movement of solvent molecules though a transmembrane protein.

44
Q

Movement of large particles out of the cell?

A

Exocytosis.
Usually secretory products or waste.

45
Q

Difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

A

Lysosomes are not needed for pinocytosis since what is being brought in is already in solution and will just diffuse into the cytosol.

46
Q

Classification of tissue that can have one or multiple layers, with cells closely. packed together- little extracellular matrix.

A

Epithelial tissue.

47
Q

What is at the base of the flagella or cilia?

A

A basal body, which is organized like a centriole and serves as an anchor for the flagellum or cilium.

48
Q

What is a cytoplasmic inclusion contained in membrane limited granules and can determine skin, hair, eye etc, color?
What is the granule called? where is the granule found?

A

Melanin, found in melanosome granules, which are within melanocytes.

49
Q

What is a cytoplasmic inclusion which is golden brown, the end product of lysosomal activity and accumulates as the cell ages?

A

Lipofuschin. (may also be found in membraneous vesicles.)
Most commonly seen as light brown granules in H&E stained hepatocytes.

50
Q

What is the storage form of glucose within cells?

A

Glycogen.

51
Q

What things give rise from the ectoderm?

A

Comparative Vertebrate Histology (11 decks)

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