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Clin Chem Final > Urinalysis (workbook) > Flashcards

Urinalysis (workbook) Flashcards

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0
Q

Define pollakiuria

A

Increased frequency of urination

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1
Q

What are urochromes?

A

Urine color pigments

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2
Q

Define oliguria

A

Decreased volume of urine

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3
Q

Define isosthenuria

A

Urine with a specific gravity close to that of glomerular filtrate (1.008-1.012)

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4
Q

What are the 5 things we examine during a gross examination of urine?

A

Volume, color, odor, turbidity, specific gravity

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5
Q

Define polyuria

A

Increased volume of urine

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6
Q

Define urolithiasis

A

Presence of calculi in urinary tract

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7
Q

Which crystal is seen in the urine of rabbits and horses?

A

Calcium carbonate

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8
Q

Which urine sediment artifact is formed in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney?

A

Casts

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9
Q

Which 3 epithelial cells are found in urine sediment? List from largest to smallest

A

Squamous, Transitional, Renal

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10
Q

Which protein, found in muscle, causes dark brown colored urine?

A

Myoglobin

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11
Q

Define crystalluria

A

Presence of crystals in urine

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12
Q

Which stain is used to examine urine sediment?

A

Sedi-stain

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13
Q

When are ketones formed?

A

During incomplete catabolism of fatty acids

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14
Q

What can happen to your urine sample as it sits out? (7)

A

Crystalluria, cells dissolve or lyse, pH increase, decreased glucose, decreased bilirubin, bacterial growth, increased specific gravity

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15
Q

When you calibrate a refractometer with distiller water, the specific gravity should read

A

1.000

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16
Q

Define specific gravity

A

The density of a quantity of liquid compared with that of an equal volume of distilled water

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17
Q

Factors that decrease urine pH (6)

A

Carnivorous/high protein diet, fever, starvation, acidosis, excessive muscular activity, some drugs

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18
Q

Factors that increase urine pH (6)

A

Herbivorous diet, stress and excitement (cats), alkalosis, UTI with urease-producing bacteria, urine retention, some drugs

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19
Q

How to create urine sediment

A

Use a maximum of 10 mL of urine, place in a tube, centrifuge at 1000-2000 rpm for 3-5 minutes

20
Q

When examining urine sediment under low power, what are you looking for? (2)

A

Casts, aggregates of cells

21
Q

When examining urine under high dry power, what are you looking for? (4)

A

Bacteria, epithelial cells, WBCs, RBCs

22
Q

Describe an RBC in urine (5 characteristics)

A

Small, round or biconcave, smooth edged, somewhat refractile, yellow or orange

23
Q

Describe a WBC in urine (5 characteristics)

A

Larger than RBCs but smaller than epithelial cells, spherical, dull grey or greenish-yellow, granules observed, lobed nucleus

24
Q

What are the 6 types of urine casts?

A

Hyaline, Granular (coarse or fine), Epithelial, Cellular (WBC or RBC), Waxy, Fatty

25
Q

How are hyaline and waxy casts distinguished from one another?

A

Both are tubular shaped, clear, and colorless, but waxy will appear dull

26
Q

Define renal threshold

A

The maximum amount the nephrons can effectively filter. When you surpass this, the blood will travel through the nephrons without being filtered.

27
Q

Normal urine output for canines and felines

A

20-40 mL/kg/day

28
Q

Two terms that both mean “glucose in urine”

A

Glucosuria, Glycosuria

29
Q

Causes of ketonuria (4)

A

Diabetes mellitus, high fat diets, starvation/fasting/anorexia, impaired liver function

30
Q

Squamous epithelial cells originate in (4)

A

Distal urethra, vagina, vulva, prepuce

31
Q

What happens to RBCs in concentrated urine?

A

They shrink and crenate

32
Q

What are ghost cells?

A

“Shells” of lysed RBCs

33
Q

Transitional epithelial cells originate in (4)

A

Bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, proximal urethra

34
Q

Which crystal is associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

Calcium oxalate monohydrate

35
Q

Which type of bilirubin does not pass through the glomerulus into the renal filtrate and is not water-soluble?

A

Unconjugated bilirubin

36
Q

Animals with liver disease may have these wheel or pincushion shaped crystals

A

Leucine

37
Q

A result of intravascular hemolysis is often

A

Hemoglobinuria

38
Q

These cells are sometimes seen in the urine sediment of intact males

A

Spermatozoa

39
Q

This condition is often seen with traumatic catheterization or adder expression

A

Proteinuria

40
Q

This type of bilirubin is found in urine

A

Conjugated bilirubin

41
Q

This condition is seen in horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis

A

Myoglobinuria

42
Q

This is a bladder worm of cats and dogs

A

Capillaria plica

43
Q

These crystals are found exclusively in acidic urine (6)

A

Amorphous urate, bilirubin, cystine, leucine, tyrosine, and uric acid

44
Q

This crystal is found exclusively in alkaline urine

A

Amorphous phosphate

45
Q

This crystal is found in both neutral and alkaline urine

A

Calcium carbonate

46
Q

These crystals are found in slightly acidic, neutral, and alkaline urine (2)

A

Ammonium biurate, struvite

47
Q

This crystal is found in all urine pHs

A

Calcium oxalate

48
Q

Another name for struvite crystals is

A

Triple phosphate crystals

Clin Chem Final (5 decks)

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