Urinalysis (workbook) Flashcards
Define pollakiuria
Increased frequency of urination
What are urochromes?
Urine color pigments
Define oliguria
Decreased volume of urine
Define isosthenuria
Urine with a specific gravity close to that of glomerular filtrate (1.008-1.012)
What are the 5 things we examine during a gross examination of urine?
Volume, color, odor, turbidity, specific gravity
Define polyuria
Increased volume of urine
Define urolithiasis
Presence of calculi in urinary tract
Which crystal is seen in the urine of rabbits and horses?
Calcium carbonate
Which urine sediment artifact is formed in the distal and collecting tubules of the kidney?
Casts
Which 3 epithelial cells are found in urine sediment? List from largest to smallest
Squamous, Transitional, Renal
Which protein, found in muscle, causes dark brown colored urine?
Myoglobin
Define crystalluria
Presence of crystals in urine
Which stain is used to examine urine sediment?
Sedi-stain
When are ketones formed?
During incomplete catabolism of fatty acids
What can happen to your urine sample as it sits out? (7)
Crystalluria, cells dissolve or lyse, pH increase, decreased glucose, decreased bilirubin, bacterial growth, increased specific gravity
When you calibrate a refractometer with distiller water, the specific gravity should read
1.000
Define specific gravity
The density of a quantity of liquid compared with that of an equal volume of distilled water
Factors that decrease urine pH (6)
Carnivorous/high protein diet, fever, starvation, acidosis, excessive muscular activity, some drugs
Factors that increase urine pH (6)
Herbivorous diet, stress and excitement (cats), alkalosis, UTI with urease-producing bacteria, urine retention, some drugs
How to create urine sediment
Use a maximum of 10 mL of urine, place in a tube, centrifuge at 1000-2000 rpm for 3-5 minutes
When examining urine sediment under low power, what are you looking for? (2)
Casts, aggregates of cells
When examining urine under high dry power, what are you looking for? (4)
Bacteria, epithelial cells, WBCs, RBCs
Describe an RBC in urine (5 characteristics)
Small, round or biconcave, smooth edged, somewhat refractile, yellow or orange
Describe a WBC in urine (5 characteristics)
Larger than RBCs but smaller than epithelial cells, spherical, dull grey or greenish-yellow, granules observed, lobed nucleus
What are the 6 types of urine casts?
Hyaline, Granular (coarse or fine), Epithelial, Cellular (WBC or RBC), Waxy, Fatty
How are hyaline and waxy casts distinguished from one another?
Both are tubular shaped, clear, and colorless, but waxy will appear dull
Define renal threshold
The maximum amount the nephrons can effectively filter. When you surpass this, the blood will travel through the nephrons without being filtered.
Normal urine output for canines and felines
20-40 mL/kg/day
Two terms that both mean “glucose in urine”
Glucosuria, Glycosuria
Causes of ketonuria (4)
Diabetes mellitus, high fat diets, starvation/fasting/anorexia, impaired liver function
Squamous epithelial cells originate in (4)
Distal urethra, vagina, vulva, prepuce
What happens to RBCs in concentrated urine?
They shrink and crenate
What are ghost cells?
“Shells” of lysed RBCs
Transitional epithelial cells originate in (4)
Bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, proximal urethra
Which crystal is associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
Which type of bilirubin does not pass through the glomerulus into the renal filtrate and is not water-soluble?
Unconjugated bilirubin
Animals with liver disease may have these wheel or pincushion shaped crystals
Leucine
A result of intravascular hemolysis is often
Hemoglobinuria
These cells are sometimes seen in the urine sediment of intact males
Spermatozoa
This condition is often seen with traumatic catheterization or adder expression
Proteinuria
This type of bilirubin is found in urine
Conjugated bilirubin
This condition is seen in horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis
Myoglobinuria
This is a bladder worm of cats and dogs
Capillaria plica
These crystals are found exclusively in acidic urine (6)
Amorphous urate, bilirubin, cystine, leucine, tyrosine, and uric acid
This crystal is found exclusively in alkaline urine
Amorphous phosphate
This crystal is found in both neutral and alkaline urine
Calcium carbonate
These crystals are found in slightly acidic, neutral, and alkaline urine (2)
Ammonium biurate, struvite
This crystal is found in all urine pHs
Calcium oxalate
Another name for struvite crystals is
Triple phosphate crystals
