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Clin Chem Final > Immunology (workbook) > Flashcards

Immunology (workbook) Flashcards

0
Q

What is an antigen?

A

It binds to an antibody to form an antigen-antibody complex.

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1
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

Barriers such as the skin, nasopharynx, gut, lungs, urogenital tract, and normal bacteria flora.

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2
Q

What cell becomes a macrophage as it migrates to the tissues?

A

Monocyte

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3
Q

Summarize the inflammatory response.

A

A chemical alert causes blood vessels to dilate, neutrophils move into tissues to phagocytize infectious agents, inflammation signs appear, monocytes/macrophages come to ingest larger bacteria/viruses/particles, NK cells and interferons come, complement system activated which activates cascade

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4
Q

5 signs of inflammation

A

Pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function

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5
Q

Lymphocyte maturation series

A

Lymphoblast -> Prolymphocyte -> Lymphocyte

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6
Q

What mediates lymphopoiesis?

A

Cytokines, antibodies, and HSC

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7
Q

Define immunologic tolerance

A

Mechanisms to not destroy “self”

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8
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

A soluble protein secreted by cells to mediate immune responses

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9
Q

Explain the mechanism behind ELISA testing

A

A monoclonal antibody is bound to wells in a test tray (or a membrane or plastic wand). If present in sample, the antigen will bind to the antibody and also a second enzyme-labeled antibody. Rinse. Chromatographic substrate is added, it reacts with enzyme to form a color change, which is a positive result.

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10
Q

Activation of the complement system leads to (3)

A

Inflammation, cell lysis, opsonization of microbes

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11
Q

What is the primary function of B lymphocytes?

A

Produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)

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12
Q

What is the most abundant circulating immunoglobulin?

A

IgG

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13
Q

Antibodies and antigens bind and form an insoluble complex through what rxn type?

A

Precipitation

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14
Q

Examples of Type I Hypersensitivity conditions? (2)

A

Atopy, Anaphylaxis

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15
Q

Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity reactions? (2)

A

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA), transfusion rxns

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16
Q

Example of a Type III Hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Glomerulonephritis

17
Q

Most common dog blood type, also the type that has the most serious mismatch rxns?

18
Q

What does DEA stand for, when referring to canine blood typing?

A

Dog Erythrocyte Antigen

19
Q

Most cats have what blood type?

20
Q

Giving ____ blood to ____ cats will cause a serious transfusion rxn.

21
Q

Two methods of blood typing done in house?

A

Immunochromatographic assay, card/slide agglutination assay

22
Q

Card/slide agglutination assay for blood typing is an example of what kind of test?

A

Latex agglutination

23
Q

Explain humoral immunity

A

B cells (lymphocytes) create immunoglobulins (Ig molecules developed for specific antigens) and they bind to prevent disease.

24
Q

Explain the process of finding an antibody titer

A

Dilute the blood to see how much it can be diluted and still produce a rxn to an antigen

25
Q

Two immunologic tests that are based on cell-mediated immunity

A

Tuberculin skin test, intradermal hypersensitivity skin test

26
Q

What is the mechanism of Type I Hypersensitivity Rxns?

A

Immediate hypersensitivity that occurs when chemical mediators from mast cells are released

27
Q

What does ELISA stand for?

A

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

28
Q

Define specificity as it’s related to serology testing

A

A measure of the number of false positives produced with the given rxn procedure

29
Q

Define sensitivity as it’s related to serology testing

A

Refers to the ability of the test to correctly identify all animals that are truly positive for a given rxn procedure

30
Q

Another term for antibody

A

Immunoglobulin

31
Q

Define antigen

A

Any substance capable of generating a response from the immune system

32
Q

What is an interferon?

A

Soluble proteins secreted by cells to mediate immune responses that elicit other cellular rxns

33
Q

Define opsonization

A

Binding of complement to antigen

34
Q

What is an alloantibody?

A

A naturally occurring antibody produced by an individual that reacts with alloantigens of another individual of the same species

35
Q

What is IgG responsible for?

A

Neutralization of microbes and toxins, fetal and neonatal immunity by passive transfer across placenta and colostrum

36
Q

What is IgM responsible for?

A

Activation of the complement

37
Q

What is IgE responsible for?

A

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as allergies and anaphylactic shock; coating of helminthology parasites for destruction by eosinophils.

38
Q

What is IgA responsible for?

A

Mucosal immunity; protection of respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts

39
Q

What is IgD responsible for?

A

IgD is a B-lymphocyte surface antigen receptor in some species

Clin Chem Final (5 decks)

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