Urinalysis

Question 1

Midstream urine (MSU):

How is the urine collected in a sterile environment for men and for women?

How should they take the MSU?

It should be tested within an hour but if not, where should it be stored?

What can be done if there is difficulty collecting a sample? - 2

Answer 1

Sterile container for men
Sterile tray for women

Urinate in the toilet then deviate to the sterile pot

Place in the fridge

Catheter
Suprapubic aspiration

Question 2

Urine dipstick procedure:

What should be worn? - 2

What should you assess when you look at the urine sample?

How long do you put the reagent strip into the urine for?

Why do you hold the strip horizontal when you remove it from the urine?

Why is a timer useful?

Answer 2

Gloves
Apron

Smell
Colour
Clarity

2 secs

To prevent the mixing of chemicals and contamination

You might have to wait for the colours to change
Look at https://almostadoctor.co.uk/encyclopedia/urine-dipstick

Question 3

Urine dipstick parameters:

Glucose:

• What endocrine disorder is this found in?
• What may a woman be, leading to this?
• What else causes this?

Ketones - apart from DKA, when is this found?

Leukocytes - this a WBC. What are they therefore seen in?

Nitrites:

• Why are they found in UTI?
• What type of meal will also cause this?

Bilirubin may be seen in what type of jaundice?

What is found in pre-hepatic jaundice?

Answer 3

DM - Reduced renal threshold
Pregnancy
Renal tube damage

Starvation - so anorexia

UTI
Vaginal discharge

Some types of bacteria have an enzyme that converts nitrates into nitrites. This is why the presence of nitrites in your urine is an indicator that you may have a UTI.

High protein meal

Obstructive jaundice

Hemolysis causes unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. There is no bilirubinuria because unconjugated bilirubin is not hydrophilic and cannot be excreted in the urine. There is increased urobilinogen in the urine because more bilrubin reaches the intestine and more urobilinogen is formed a reabsorbed.

Question 4

Urine dipstick by disease:

What is found in diabetes?

What is found in DKA?

What 4 things are found in UTI?

Answer 4

Glucose - can see hyperglycaemia

Ketones

Leukocytes
Nitrites
Protein
Blood

Question 5

Urine dipstick by disease:

Kidney disease:

• Why is blood found?
• Why are proteins found?
• What way will the pH go?

Answer 5

Urine does not normally contain red blood cells. The filters in the kidney prevent blood from entering the urine. When you have hematuria, the filters in the kidneys or other parts of the urinary tract (the kidneys, ureter, and bladder that work together to remove wastes) allow blood to leak into the urine.

If there is a problem with your kidneys, protein can leak into your urine. While a small amount is normal, a large amount of protein in the urine may indicate kidney disease.

If a person has a high urine pH, meaning that it is more alkaline, it might signal a medical condition such as: kidney stones. urinary tract infections (UTIs) kidney-related disorders

Can also say that it is higher because fewer protons are exchanged for sodium in the DCT leading to loss of protons