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Clinical II > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical signs of a lower urinary tract infection?

A
  • Frequency
  • Inappropriate urination or incontinence
  • Stranguria
  • Hematuria
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2
Q

What is pollakuria?

A

Increase in the frequency of urination

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3
Q

What is stranguria?

A

Straining to urinate

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4
Q

What is hematuria?

A

Blood in the urine

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5
Q

When is the best voided sample for urination collected?

A

Midstream to avoid bacterial or cell contamination

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6
Q

What is the least preferred method of urine collection?

A

Manual expression due to possible blood contamination from applying manual pressure to the bladder

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7
Q

How is the most sterile urine sample collected?

A

Cystocentesis

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8
Q

What are some risks when performing a cauterization to collect a urine sample?

A

It can result in a bacterial infection from catheterization or rupture of the urinary tract

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9
Q

When is it most acceptable to use a urinary catheter to obtain a sample?

A

In cats because they have the least amount of bacteria in their ureter

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10
Q

How soon after obtaining a urine sample should a U/A be performed?

A

Within 30 minutes, otherwise sample should be refrigerated

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11
Q

What are some possible outcomes of a delayed analysis?

A
  • Bacterial contamination
  • Altered pH
  • Disrupted or disolved crystals
  • Cellular detailed loss especially with WBC and epithelial cells
  • Chemical precipitation
  • Crystal formation
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12
Q

What are the parts of a urinalysis?

A
  • Physical properties (SG)
  • Chemical properties (dip stick)
  • Sediment examination
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13
Q

What are the physical properties identified in a U/A?

A
  • Color
  • Transparency
  • Odor
  • Foam
  • Specific Gravity
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14
Q

What animal may have myoglobinuria present if a sample is left to sit for 24 hours?

A

Horses

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15
Q

What is flocculence?

A

Particles floating in a urine sample

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16
Q

Which animals may have cloudy urine?

A

Horses and rabbits due to naturally occurring calcium carbonate crystals

17
Q

What is isothenuric?

A
  • When the specific gravity is the same concentration as plasma, meaning the kidneys are not working well
  • 1.008 - 1.012
18
Q

What is hypothenuric?

A
  • Specific gravity is less concentration of plasma
  • < 1.008
19
Q

What is hyperthenuric?

A
  • Specific gravity concentration is greater than that of plasma and is the ideal normal for kidneys
  • > 1.012
20
Q

What are the normal specific gravity values of animals?

A
  • Dogs: 1.015 - 1.045
  • Cats: 1.035 - 1.060
  • Large animals: 1.015 - 1.030
21
Q

What does a higher than normal specific gravity number indicate?

A

The urine is more concentrated and the animal may be dehydrated

22
Q

What does a lower than normal specific gravity number indicate?

A

The animal’s kidneys may be having trouble concentrating urine

23
Q

What are the common chemical properties of urine?

A
  • pH
  • Protein
  • Occult blood
  • Glucose
  • Bilirubin
  • Ketones
  • WBC
  • Nitrites
24
Q

What should the pH of a carnivore be?

A

More acidic (0-6) due to higher amino acid

25
Q

What should the pH of a herbivore be?

A

More basic/alkaline (8-14) due to more carbohydrates

26
Q

What is the pH commonly of an omnivore?

A

It is dependent of what they ate prior to analysis

27
Q

When may it be normal to see glucose in a urine sample?

A

If an animal may have eaten prior to analysis

28
Q

What is the abnormal amount of blood glucose in a dog?

A

180 mg/dl

29
Q

What is the abnormal amount of blood glucose in a cat?

A

280 mg/dl

30
Q

Is protein and/or bilirubin present in a urine sample considered normal for a cat or dog?

A

Small trace amounts maybe be seen in a dog’s sample, but a cat should never have protein or bilirubin in their urine

31
Q

What are ketones in a urine sample indicative of?

A

The breakdown of fat which may be a result of diabetic ketoacidosis

32
Q

What is the desirable amount for a U/A?

A

5 ml

33
Q

What may be seen in a sediment examination of a urine sample?

A
  • RBC and WBC
  • Epithelial cells
  • Microorganisms
  • Crystals
  • Other elements
34
Q

What type of epithelial cells may be present in a sediment examination?

A
  • Squamous
  • Transitional
  • Caudate
  • Renal
35
Q

Where are urine casts formed?

A
  • In the renal tubules; stage of cast seen may determine the stage of renal disease the animal is in
  • Hyaline, WBC, RBC, renal tubular, epithelial, course granular, fine granular, waxy

Clinical II (11 decks)

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