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Clinical II > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are crystalloids?

A

Salt or sugar solutions without large molecules which allow them to readily cross endothelium

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2
Q

What is an example of a salt cystalloid?

A

NaCl or LRS

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3
Q

What is an example of a sugar crystalloid?

A

D5W

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4
Q

What are colloids?

A

Natural or synthetic fluids that contain large molecules that can not cross endothelium

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5
Q

What do colloids do?

A

Contribute to oncotic pressure within the vascular space so it draws fluid into the vessel

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6
Q

What is shock?

A

Decreased delivery of fuel/oxygen at the cellular level, which if it persists can cause irreversible injury to cells

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7
Q

What areas of the body are most affected by shock?

A

The heart, blood and cells

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8
Q

What are the different types of shock?

A
  • Hypovolemic- Cardiogenic- Obstructive- Distributive
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9
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

Reduced circulation of blood volume in relation to total vascular capacity

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10
Q

What is the most common type of hypovolemic shock?

A

Blood loss, but it’s not always the main reason for this condition

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11
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

A pump failure due to loss of contractility and/or functional myocardium

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12
Q

What is SVR?

A

Systemic vascular resistance meaning the vessels are trying to constrict to compensate for loss and increase pressure

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13
Q

How does cardiogenic shock effect afterload and fluid retention in the body?

A

It increases afterload with angiotension and increases fluid retention with aldosterone

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14
Q

How would you treat cardiogenic shock?

A

Optimize cardiac function and treat with diuretics such as Lasix (furosamide) NO FLUIDS

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15
Q

What is obstructive shock?

A

Impaired venous return such as tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade, or GDV

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16
Q

What is distributive shock?

A

Loss of vasomotor control

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17
Q

What three forms of shock are characterized by tachycardia and increased SVR?

A

Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and obstructive

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18
Q

How is distributive shock characterized?

A

Tachycardia, decreased SVR, warm extremities and bounding pulses

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19
Q

Which form of shock should NOT be treated with fluid therapy?

A

Cardiogenic, and it should be used carefully in obstructive shock as not to overflow the patient which will result in an increased afterload

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20
Q

What are the three phases in the treatment of shock?

A
  • Phase One: Resuscitation - Phase Two - Rehydration - Phase Three - Maintenance
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21
Q

How much fluids should be administered based on weight loss?

A
  • 1 g = 1 ml- 1 kg = 1 L
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22
Q

What is the formula for maintenance fluid replacement?

A

66 ml/kg/24 hr

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23
Q

Which fluid is best to treat shock?

A

Colloids because they decrease oncotic pressure, and help acute blood loos

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24
Q

What is the colloid dose for shock fluid therapy?

A
  • Dog: 20 ml/kg/hr- Cat: 10-20 ml/kg/hr
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25
Q

Which fluid is best to treat a dehydrated patient?

A

Crystalloids because they rehydrate the tissues not the vessels

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26
Q

What is the crystalloid dose for shock fluid therapy?

A
  • Dog: 80-90 ml/kg/hr- Cat: 40-60 ml/kg/hr
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27
Q

How do you determine the rehydration rate of fluids?

A
  • % dehydration/100 x bw in kg = L of deficit- L of deficit x 100 = ml of deficit - ml of deficit/24 hr = ml/hr rehydration rate
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28
Q

What are the clinical signs of a lower urinary tract infection?

A
  • Frequency- Inappropriate urination or incontinence- Stranguria- Hematuria
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29
Q

What is pollakuria?

A

Increase in the frequency of urination

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30
Q

What is stranguria?

A

Straining to urinate

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31
Q

What is hematuria?

A

Blood in the urine

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32
Q

When is the best voided sample for urination collected?

A

Midstream to avoid bacterial or cell contamination

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33
Q

What is the least preferred method of urine collection?

A

Manual expression due to possible blood contamination from applying manual pressure to the bladder

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34
Q

How is the most sterile urine sample collected?

A

Cystocentesis

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35
Q

What are some risks when performing a cauterization to collect a urine sample?

A

It can result in a bacterial infection from catheterization or rupture of the urinary tract

36
Q

When is it most acceptable to use a urinary catheter to obtain a sample?

A

In cats because they have the least amount of bacteria in their ureter

37
Q

How soon after obtaining a urine sample should a U/A be performed?

A

Within 30 minutes, otherwise sample should be refrigerated

38
Q

What are some possible outcomes of a delayed analysis?

A
  • Bacterial contamination- Altered pH- Disrupted or disolved crystals- Cellular detailed loss especially with WBC and epithelial cells- Chemical precipitation- Crystal formation
39
Q

What are the parts of a urinalysis?

A
  • Physical properties (SG)- Chemical properties (dip stick)- Sediment examination
40
Q

What are the physical properties identified in a U/A?

A
  • Color- Transparency- Odor- Foam- Specific Gravity
41
Q

What animal may have myoglobinuria present if a sample is left to sit for 24 hours?

A

Horses

42
Q

What is flocculence?

A

Particles floating in a urine sample

43
Q

Which animals may have cloudy urine?

A

Horses and rabbits due to naturally occurring calcium carbonate crystals

44
Q

What is isothenuric?

A
  • When the specific gravity is the same concentration as plasma, meaning the kidneys are not working well- 1.008 - 1.012
45
Q

What is hypothenuric?

A
  • Specific gravity is less concentration of plasma- < 1.008
46
Q

What is hyperthenuric?

A
  • Specific gravity concentration is greater than that of plasma and is the ideal normal for kidneys- > 1.012
47
Q

What are the normal specific gravity values of animals?

A
  • Dogs: 1.015 - 1.045- Cats: 1.035 - 1.060- Large animals: 1.015 - 1.030
48
Q

What does a higher than normal specific gravity number indicate?

A

The urine is more concentrated and the animal may be dehydrated

49
Q

What does a lower than normal specific gravity number indicate?

A

The animal’s kidneys may be having trouble concentrating urine

50
Q

What are the common chemical properties of urine?

A
  • pH- Protein- Occult blood- Glucose- Bilirubin- Ketones- WBC- Nitrites
51
Q

What should the pH of a carnivore be?

A

More acidic (0-6) due to higher amino acid

52
Q

What should the pH of a herbivore be?

A

More basic/alkaline (8-14) due to more carbohydrates

53
Q

What is the pH commonly of an omnivore?

A

It is dependent of what they ate prior to analysis

54
Q

When may it be normal to see glucose in a urine sample?

A

If an animal may have eaten prior to analysis

55
Q

What is the abnormal amount of blood glucose in a dog?

A

180 mg/dl

56
Q

What is the abnormal amount of blood glucose in a cat?

A

280 mg/dl

57
Q

Is protein and/or bilirubin present in a urine sample considered normal for a cat or dog?

A

Small trace amounts maybe be seen in a dog’s sample, but a cat should never have protein or bilirubin in their urine

58
Q

What are ketones in a urine sample indicative of?

A

The breakdown of fat which may be a result of diabetic ketoacidosis

59
Q

What is the desirable amount for a U/A?

A

5 ml

60
Q

What may be seen in a sediment examination of a urine sample?

A
  • RBC and WBC- Epithelial cells- Microorganisms- Crystals- Other elements
61
Q

What type of epithelial cells may be present in a sediment examination?

A
  • Squamous- Transitional- Caudate- Renal
62
Q

Where are urine casts formed?

A
  • In the renal tubules; stage of cast seen may determine the stage of renal disease the animal is in- Hyaline, WBC, RBC, renal tubular, epithelial, course granular, fine granular, waxy
63
Q

What are some reasons for a blood chemistry panel?

A

Diagnose, monitor and screen possible diseases

64
Q

What is the A/G ratio on a chemistry panel?

A

Albumin to globulin ratio

65
Q

What is CPK on a chemistry panel?

A

Creatinine phosphokinase a muscle enzyme

66
Q

What are some variables that can affect a chemistry panel?

A
  • Pre-analytical which can occur before running a test- Analytical which occur while the test is running- Post-analytical which occurs after the test has been complete
67
Q

What are some pre-analytical biologic variables?

A
  • Inherent patient variables such as species, breed, age, and gender - Controllable patient variables such as recent food ingestion, stress which releases cortisol and epinephrine, and exercise
68
Q

What are some pre-analytical non-biologic variables?

A

Sample collection and handling

69
Q

What are some analytical variables?

A
  • Interference - Assay performance
70
Q

What kinds of interference can occur with analytical variables?

A
  • Lipemia which can lead to volume displacement- Hemolysis- Icterus - Hyperproteinemia- Drugs
71
Q

What are the post-analytical variables that can affect reference ranges?

A
  • Human error- Variations from one lab to another
72
Q

What determines the reference ranges of a testing panel?

A

Usually determined from a population of healthy adult animals

73
Q

What is another name for Gaussian Distribution?

A

The Bell Curve

74
Q

What is the acceptance area of a bell curve?

A

Covers about 95% of the population

75
Q

What is the rejection area of a bell curve?

A

It makes up 2.5% on the high end and low end because accepted ranges are determined by humans, therefore about 5% of normal animals may fall out of range

76
Q

What is concentration?

A

The amount of solute contained in a certain amount of a solution

77
Q

T/F: Concentration is a variable property

A

True

78
Q

How can concentration of solutions be expressed?

A
  • Volume percent- Weight percent- Weight/volume percent
79
Q

What is the formula for determining volume percent?

A

Volume of solute/volume of solution x 100 = volume percent

80
Q

What is the formula for determining weight percent?

A

Weight of solute/weight of solution x 100 = weight solution

81
Q

What is the formula for determining weight/volume percent?

A

Weight of solutes (g)/volume of solution (ml) x 100 = weight/volume percent

82
Q

What is colorimetry?

A

As light passes through a solution, light of a certain wavelength is absorbed by the colored chemical

83
Q

What is the amount of light absorbed by a chemical directly proportional to?

A
  • The concentration of the chemical that the light passes through- The thickness, or path length, of the solution
84
Q

What is Beer’s Law?

A
  • A: absorbance - I: intensity of transmitted light- Io: intensity of incident light
85
Q

What ways can concentration be determined?

A
  • Beer’s law- Proportionality- Graphing

Clinical II (11 decks)

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