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Clinical II > Glucose > Flashcards

Glucose Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6, which is a carbohydrate

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2
Q

Why is glucose important to the CNS?

A

Because the central nervous system as well as RBC’s require glucose for their energy needs and without it they die

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3
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A single unit sugar

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4
Q

What is hexose?

A

Simple sugars whose molecules contain six carbon atoms

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5
Q

Why is the liver important in reference to glucose?

A

It synthesizes, stores, converts and releases glucose

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6
Q

What is the excess glucose stored as in the liver?

A

Glycogen

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7
Q

What organ releases insulin?

A

The pancreas

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8
Q

What hormones control the concentration of glucose?

A

Insulin and glucagon; insulin lowers BG levels while glucagon elevates it

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9
Q

How is glucose metabolized?

A

Via glycolysis followed by the TCA cycle (aka krebs cycle)

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10
Q

How many glucose atoms are produced as a result of glycolysis?

A

It produces 4 total, but 2 are eliminated, leaving a net gain of 2 glucose atoms

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11
Q

How many ATP atoms are produced at the conclusion of the TCA cycle?

A

36 ATP for every glucose molecule

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12
Q

What is required for the complete oxidation of glucose?

A

Because it is an aerobic response, it requires oxygen

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13
Q

What by-products are released by the oxidation of glucose?

A
  • CO2, H2O, ATP, and heat

- The heat produced helps maintain body temperature

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14
Q

What is fermentation of glucose?

A

Anaerobic metabolism that can produce ATP if the body is experiencing hypoxia

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15
Q

Is fermentation an effective way to produce ATP?

A

It is less effective than glycolysis because it only produces 4 ATP for every glucose molecule

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16
Q

Where is the highest concentration of glycogen stored?

A

In the liver, but because muscle tissue has a greater mass, there is more glycogen contained within it

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17
Q

What cells produce, monitor and control glucose?

A

Beta cells, which are created in the endocrine portion of the pancreas

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18
Q

What cells within the islets of langerhaans produce glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

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19
Q

What do the delta cells within the pancreatic islets produce?

A

Somatostatin, which regulates insulin and glucagon

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20
Q

What cell is the only cell in the body that does NOT require insulin to function?

A

Beta cells

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21
Q

At what concentration would a beta cell be triggered to release insulin?

A

When the blood glucose concentration exceeds 110 mg/dl

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22
Q

At what concentration is insulin synthesis and concentration inhibited?

A

When the blood glucose concentration falls between 60 mg/dl

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23
Q

What is euglycemia?

A

Normal concentration of glucose in the blood

24
Q

How can euglycemia be maintained?

A

Exogenously, which is from outside the body, mainly through diet; or exogenously which is inside the body derived from the liver

25
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The creation of more glucose

26
Q

What hormone is the most dominant when lowering glucose?

A

Insulin

27
Q

What hormones may elevate glucose?

A

Glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol

28
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Results from a decrease in insulin secretion from the beta cells and/or a decrease in insulin action

29
Q

What is Type I Diabetes?

A
  • Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

- There is a low amount of insulin in the body and it can’t produce enough to meet the need

30
Q

What is the most common form of diabetes in dogs and cats?

A

Type I IDDM

31
Q

What is the second most common form of diabetes in cats?

A

Type II NIDDM

32
Q

What is Type II Diabetes?

A
  • Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

- Spikes in BG levels usually after eating that require insulin which the body can produce

33
Q

How is type I diabetes managed?

A

With insulin injections

34
Q

How is type II diabetes managed?

A

With dietary therapy and oral hypoglycemic medications

35
Q

What is Type III Diabetes?

A
  • Impaired glucose tolerance

- Can be caused by hormones or medications

36
Q

Which type of diabetes can affect pregnant animals?

A

Type III

37
Q

What long term medication use can result in type III diabetes?

A

Corticosteriods

38
Q

What is thought to be the cause of canine diabetes?

A

It is considered to be immune mediated in which the body thinks beta cells are foreign and attacks them

39
Q

What are some other causes of canine diabetes?

A

Genetic predisposition, chronic pancreatitis, and medication induced

40
Q

At what percentage of destruction of pancreatic islets do diabetic clinical signs occur?

A

Progression is slow and 90% of islets are lost before diabetes mellitus occurs

41
Q

What are the common causes of feline diabetes?

A

Obesity, pancreatitis, amyloidosis of pancreatic beta cells

42
Q

What is amyloidosis?

A

Deposition of material around beta cells which prevents their measurement of glucose

43
Q

What canine gender is typically afflicted with diabetes?

A

3x more likely to occur in females

44
Q

At what age do canines typically become diagnosed with diabetes?

A

Peak incidence at 7-9 years

45
Q

What breeds are genetically predisposed to diabetes?

A

Australian terriers, samoyed, mini and standard schnauzers, mini and toy poodles, pugs, fox terriers, keeshonds, bichon fries, finnish spitz, lhasa apso, cairn terriers

46
Q

What feline gender is typically affected by diabetes?

A

Males generally greater than 6 years old

47
Q

What feline breed is diabetes common in?

A

None, all can be affected equally

48
Q

What are the clinical signs of diabetes?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia polyphagia, weight loss, cataracts in dogs, peripheral neuropathy in cats, plantigrade posture

49
Q

How can diabetes be diagnosed?

A
  • CBC: red blood cells may be decreased
  • Chem panal: hyperglycemia; BG > 200 mg/dl
  • UA: glucosuria or ketonuria
50
Q

What are some goals of diabetes treatment?

A
  • Elimination of clinical signs
  • Prevention or slowing or cataract formation and resulting blindness
  • Prevention of hypoglycemia or overtreatment
  • Prevention and/or treatment of concurrent diseases such as cushing’s, skin infections, or UTI’s
51
Q

How is diabetes treated?

A

Dietary management, exercise, insulin injections, or oral hypoglycemic agents

52
Q

What are some goals of dietary management?

A

Eliminate obesity and maintain consistency in the timing and caloric content of meals to minimize fluctuations by having slow release of carbohydrates in BG concentrations

53
Q

What should a diabetic diet contain?

A

High fiber and low fat, cats should also be fed a high protein, low carb diet and semi moist foods should be avoided

54
Q

What are some goals of exercise?

A

To promote fat loss and increase mobilization of insulin from its injection site, but avoid strenuous and sporadic exercise as it can cause severe hypoglycemia

55
Q

What are the three types of insulin?

A
  • Short acting: emergency use of R insulin
  • Intermediate acting: canine use of NPH and Vetsulin
  • Long acting: feline use of Lantise and glargine
56
Q

What are some problems with insulin therapy?

A
  • Rapid insulin metabolism
  • Insulin resistance if there is another disease present
  • Hypoglycemia aka insulin overdose
  • Somogyi phenomenon aka insulin induced hyperglycemia
57
Q

How can hypoglycemia be treated at home?

A

If a diabetic animal is exhbiting signs of weakness, shaking, ataxia and seizures, they can be given karo syrup rubbed on the their gums

Clinical II (11 decks)

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