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Clinical II > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Any food that is involved in the basic functions of the body

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2
Q

What basic functions do nutrients perform?

A
  • Acting as structural components
  • Enhancing or being involved in chemical reactions of metabolism
  • Transporting substances into, through, or out of the body
  • Maintaining temperature
  • Supplying energy
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3
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

A substance that must be obtained in the diet

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4
Q

What is a non-essential nutrient?

A

The body can make sufficient quantities

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5
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

C-C bonds or C-H bonds

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6
Q

What is an inorganic compound?

A

No C-C or C-H bonds, therefore includes water and minerals

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7
Q

What are the 6 basic nutrients?

A
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Fat
  • Protein
  • Carbs
  • Water being the most important
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8
Q

Do younger or older animals have more water in their bodies?

A

Younger, leaner animals will have more water than older fatter animals

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9
Q

What are the functions of water?

A
  • Acts as a solvent to dissolve substances
  • Hydrolysis for enzymatic digestion of carbs, proteins and fats
  • Regulation of body temp due to its high specific heat
  • Provides elasticity, lubricant, cushioning, and moisture
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10
Q

Which dog breed is the only one that can sweat through it’s skin aside from its nasal plains and foot pads?

A

Xoloitzcuintli

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11
Q

What quality of water may result in crystals in animals?

A

Water high in calcium and magnesium in hard water

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12
Q

What kind of bacteria in water may be problematic for animals?

A

Coliform bacteria, which is fermented gram-negative enteric bacilli found in sewage, E.coli, klebsiella and enterobacta

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13
Q

What are the requirements of water intake daily for an animal?

A

40-60 ml/kg/day = 1 oz/lb/day

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14
Q

What is normal daily urine output for an animal?

A

24 ml/kg/day = 1 ml/kg/hr

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15
Q

At what percentage loss of water incompatible with life?

A

Loss of 15% of body weight or greater will result in death

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16
Q

What can result from water intoxication?

A

Consuming large amounts of fresh water can dilute osmolality

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17
Q

What are some examples of carbohydrates?

A

Glucose, starches and fiber

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18
Q

What kind of carbs can animals easily break down?

A

Starches which are a-glycosidic bonds, but not fiber with are b-glycosidic bonds

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19
Q

What are the functions of carbs?

A
  • Energy: glycolysis produces ATP
  • Source of heat: breakdown of carbs produces CO2, H2O and heat
  • Building blocks of other nutrients
  • Energy storage
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20
Q

What other nutrients do carbs become?

A

Amino acids, lactose, glycoprotein, glycoside, and Vitamin C

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21
Q

Do dogs and cats have a dietary requirement of carbs?

A

No, they do not have an absolute dietary requirement, but they do require glucose or glucose precursors

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22
Q

What are some readily digestible carbs needs during gestation, lactation and growth?

A

Corn, rice, wheat, barley and oats

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23
Q

What is the minimum amount of carbs needed for gestating and lactating females?

A

Minimum of 23% carbs in food

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24
Q

What can happen to cats with too many carbs?

A

More than 40% of carb intake will lead to maldigestion such as diarrhea, bloating, gas, etc

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25
Q

What are the functions of fiber?

A
  • Provides up to 75% of daily energy requirements in cattle and horses
  • Manages body weight
  • Helps with diarrhea and constipation
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26
Q

Why is fiber important in patients with diabetes?

A

Slowly fermentable fibers help animals regulate the breakdown of calories

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27
Q

What could result as an excess of fiber in an animal?

A

May impair the absorption of minerals, otherwise deficiency or excess is not typically a problem

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28
Q

What is protein?

A

Large, complex molecules that can be composed of Ca, H, O2, N, and sometimes S and P

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29
Q

What is the typical chemical formula for a protein?

A

A carbon atom covalently bonded to 4 chemical groups

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30
Q

What are the functions of protein?

A
  • Form muscle and other tissues
  • They can be enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
  • Serve as source of energy instead of carbs
  • Helps control osmotic pressure (albumin)
  • Serve as carrier molecules
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31
Q

Can essential amino acids be made in the body?

A

No, they can not be synthesized in sufficient quantities and must be supplied by diet

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32
Q

How many essential amino acids are needed for the dog? The cat?

A

10, the cat is all 10 plus taurine

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33
Q

Why do kittens and cats have higher protein requirements than other domestic species?

A

Because cats are true carnivores

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34
Q

What clinical signs may be seen with deficiency of protein?

A
  • Reduced growth rate
  • Anemia
  • Infertility
  • Reduced milk production
  • Alopecia/poor hair coat
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35
Q

Is excess protein a problem for animals?

A

Not generally, but may be for animals with impaired renal or liver functions because the liver filters ammonia and the kidney excretes it from the body

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36
Q

What are lipids?

A

Hydrocarbon molecules linked by covalent bonds

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37
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

No, they are hydrophobic so they can not mix well with water

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38
Q

What is the difference between fats and oils?

A

Lipids that are solid at room temperature are called fats, while lipids that are liquid are referred to as oils

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39
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

To supply energy and they are required for some physiologic functions such as the absorption of fat soluble vitamins

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40
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

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41
Q

What omega-6 fatty acids are considered essential in cats and dogs?

A

Linoleic acid is essential and arachidonic acid is considered essential when dealing with inflammation and pain perception

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42
Q

What can result as a deficiency of lipids?

A

Too little may impair wound healing, cause dry, scaly skin, and predispose the animal to pyoderma

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43
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic elements in food such as Ca, P, Na, Mg, K, Cl, and S

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44
Q

What are minerals needed for?

A
  • Form structural components such as bones
  • Maintain osmotic pressure, acid base balance, muscle contraction, membrane permeability
  • Act as catalyst and cofactors to enzymes and hormones
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45
Q

What are the 5 basic characteristics needed to be considered a vitamin?

A
  • Must be an organic compound different from fat, protein or carbs
  • Must be a component of the diet
  • Must be essential in minute amounts
  • Absence must cause a deficiency
  • Must not be synthesized in high quantities
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46
Q

What are some examples of vitamin deficiency syndrome?

A
  • Vitamin D can lead to rickets

- Vitamin C can lead to scurvy

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47
Q

What are the functions of vitamins?

A
  • Regulate body processes
  • Promote growth and development
  • Protect the body from toxic compounds
  • Build and maintain tissues
  • Help energy usage
  • Assist in disease prevention
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48
Q

Which vitamins are considered anti-oxidants?

A

Vitamins A, C and E

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49
Q

Which animals require Vitamin C to live?

A

Primates, guinea pigs and some fish

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50
Q

What is a vitamin like compound needed by some breeds?

A

Carnitine is needed by boxers, doberman pinchers, great dans and irish wolfhounds, otherwise their hearts may be affected

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51
Q

What is the bare minimum energy requirement needed to sustain life?

A

Basal energy requirement is when an animal is awake but resting in a fasted state

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52
Q

What is the energy requirement for a normal but fed animal at rest?

A

Resting energy requirement that all the animal’s needs are based on

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53
Q

What is the difference between BER and RER?

A

RER includes the energy needed for digestion, absorption, metabolism and recovery from previous activity

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54
Q

What is the DER?

A

The daily energy requirement is the most realistic energy requirement range for most animals

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55
Q

How does DER differ from MER?

A

DER includes energy needed for work, lactation, growth and maintaining body temperature

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56
Q

What is a Joule?

A

A unit of energy that expresses daily energy requirement of an animal by its power needs or watts

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57
Q

What is a calorie?

A

The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of H2O from 14C to 15.5C

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58
Q

What is a Calorie?

A

Equal to 1,000 calories

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59
Q

What is the largest source of energy for all living things?

A

The sun, and ATP is the most important energy compound

60
Q

What are the different types of dietary energy?

A
  • Gross energy
  • Digestible energy
  • Metabolize energy
  • Net energy
61
Q

What is gross energy?

A

The total heat produced by burning a food item in a bomb calorimeter

62
Q

What is digestible energy?

A

Energy remaining after the energy lost from feces is subtracted

63
Q

What is metabolizable energy?

A

The energy remaining after the energy from feces, urine, and combustible gases is subtracted

64
Q

What is net energy?

A

Used for maintenance from heat loss during digestion, absorption and food, and production for growth, lactation, reproduction and physical performance

65
Q

What is the RER formula?

A

70 + 30 (BW in kg) = Kcal

66
Q

What are the physical actions of digestion?

A

Chewing, grinding in the GI tract, and digestive turbulence

67
Q

Where the grinding occur in the GI tract of a ruminant? Of a bird?

A

In the omassum of a ruminant and the ventriculus or gizzard of a bird

68
Q

What occurs during chemical action of digestion?

A

HCl produced by parietal cells in the stomach digests protein and bile acids are produced by the liver which aid in lipid digestion and absorption

69
Q

What is enzymatic action of digestion?

A

An enzyme (lipase) is a complex protein that speeds up a chemical reaction without being altered in the process, this then reduces the energy needed for digestion

70
Q

What is absorption?

A

A set of processes that result in passage of small molecules from the lumen of the gut through cells of the GI tract to the bloodstream

71
Q

What are the different types of absorption?

A
  • Passive diffusion
  • Active transport
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Phagocytosis
72
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

Passage of substances from lumen into intestinal cells due to concentration gradient; high to low, therefore no energy is required

73
Q

What is active transport?

A

Absorption from the lumen to the intestinal cell against a concentration gradient; low to high, therefore requires carrier protein and energy

74
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Absorption from lumen to intestinal cells using a carrier protein; high to low

75
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Absorption when part of the villi cell breaks off and engulfs a nutrient, therefore no digestion is required

76
Q

What are the steps of digestion?

A
  • Prehension
  • Mastication
  • Salivation
  • Swallowing
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Defecation
77
Q

How do rumens chew their food?

A

First they form a bolus, swallow, rumen, regurgitation that mastication, repeat

78
Q

What is saliva composed of?

A

Mucin, salivary amylase and 99% water

79
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

An enzyme used to breakdown starch; not present in cattle, dogs, cats or horses

80
Q

What is the function of salivation?

A
  • Lubricant, solvent, wash, and buffer for NaCO2 in ruminants
81
Q

What part of the esophagus does not allow for reflux up?

A

The cardiac sphincter when swallowing

82
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Muscular contractions mix digesta with enzymes and chemicals

83
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

When HCl is produced by parietal cells, then it unfolds proteins and activates enzymes

84
Q

What are the two types of enzymatic digestion?

A
  • Proteases which are produced by chief cells and include pepsin and rennin
  • Gastric lipase, also produced by chief cells and start the breakdown of lipids
85
Q

What enzymes protects the stomach from self digestion?

A

Mucin, HCl, and urease

86
Q

What is the primary site for digestion? And absorption?

A

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine for digestion, and the jejunum is the primary site for absorption; some absorption may still take place in the ileum, the last part of the small intestine

87
Q

What is bile?

A

Made in the liver from cholesterol and stored in the gallbladder

88
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Emulsification which solubilizes fat and the formation of micelles which aid in absorption of fat

89
Q

What is pancreatic juice?

A

Proteases, lipases and amylase; also contains NaCO3 and HCO3

90
Q

What is duodenal juice?

A

Secreted by the brush border, its an alkaline fluids the aids in neutralizing the acid chyme of the stomach

91
Q

Are the contents of the large intestine sterile?

A

No, it contains bacteria, protozoa and fungi

92
Q

Although limited, what can be absorbed by the large intestine?

A

Volatile fatty acids, water, and electrolytes

93
Q

What is cecotrophy?

A

It describes the type of feces rabbits produce; the pellet type and soft feces that contains B vitamins and microbial proteins

94
Q

What is the contents of fecal matter?

A
  • Water
  • Undigested food
  • Residues of digestive enzymes
  • Sloughed cells
  • Bacteria
95
Q

What is the deciduous dental formula of a ruminant?

A

2 (I 0/3, C 0/1, PM 3/3) = 20

96
Q

What is the adult dental formula of a ruminant?

A

2 (I 0/3, C 0/1, PM 3/3, M 3/3) = 32

97
Q

What animal develops “fighting teeth” aka lateral incisors?

A

Llamas; males between 2-3 years of age and females at 1-5 years

98
Q

Do ruminants have an esophagus sphincter?

A

No because the muscle contractions move in both directions

99
Q

What is the order of the ruminant system?

A

Rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum, which is the most similar to the glandular stomach

100
Q

Which part of the ruminant system is the largest?

A

The rumen, it can hold up for 40 gallons in a cow and is considered a large fermentation vat that is covered with papillae to increase surface area

101
Q

What is the smallest part of the ruminant system?

A

The reticulum which honeycomb lining interacts with the rumen to mix contents

102
Q

What structure in a new born ruminant essentially makes them a monogastric animal for their few weeks of life?

A

The esophageal groove allows milk to bypass the rumen so it moves directly into the abomasum where rennin helps to process milk

103
Q

What is the optimal ruminant pH to prevent esophageal ulceration?

A

Between 6.0 and 6.2

104
Q

What type of system is the rumen fermentation?

A

It is an anaerobic (CO2) system ideal for microbacterial fermentation with a warm, moist and continual supply of substrates

105
Q

How does rumen fermentation work?

A

Microbes digest cellulose and starch and ferments them into volatile fatty acids, which provide 60-80% of energy needs

106
Q

What are the most important volatile fatty acids?

A
  • Acetic acid (acetate) which mostly comes from cellulose
  • Propionic acid (propionate) mostly comes from starch
  • Butyric acid (butyrate) derived from acetic acid
107
Q

What is bloat?

A

A severe distention of the left side of the ruminant due to gases not being eructed resulting in a “pinging” sound

108
Q

Why is bloat a serious problem in ruminants?

A

Because a swollen rumen can compress the lungs and interrupt blood flow result in death by asphyxiation

109
Q

What is rumen acidosis?

A

Generally due to high levels of corn concentrate in the diet, the pH decreases to 4.5-5.0 which in turn kills off good microorganisms

110
Q

What are some signs or rumen acidosis?

A

Decreased intake, abdominal pain, dehydration, laminitis, staggers, coma

111
Q

What is a rumen fistula?

A

A permanent opening into the left paralumbar fossa and dorsal sac of the rumen used for management, research and inoculation of microbes

112
Q

How is the rumen stratification made up?

A
  • Top: gases
  • Middle: today’s hay
  • Bottom: grain and yesterday’s hay
113
Q

What is traumatic reticuloperiotonitis?

A

AKA hardware disease, the reticulum catches heavy objects ingested therefore when the muscles contract, hardware may be forced through the reticulum, diaphragm, and the pericardium

114
Q

Since the horse has no gallbladder, how is bile released?

A

Directly from the liver into the small intestines

115
Q

Where does fermentation occur in the horse since they are more monogastric than ruminant?

A

The cecum and the colon in the large intestine

116
Q

What is colic?

A

A general term referring to abdominal pain

117
Q

What are the types of colic?

A
  • Impaction
  • Enteritis/colitis
  • Gastric distention/rupture
  • Displacement/volvulus/torsion
  • Gas colic
  • Spasmodic colic
  • Idiopathic
118
Q

Which type of colic is commonly referred to as “twisted gut”?

A

Displacement

119
Q

What type of therapeutic diet is recommended for weight loss?

A

Low fat, high fiber to help regulate blood glucose levels and increase satiety

120
Q

What type of diet is recommended for gastritis?

A

Moist low fat diet because fat is difficult to digest and is therefore not recommended

121
Q

What type of diet should a patient with enteritis receive?

A

Highly digestible proteins and carbs, with low fat and fiber for easy digestion

122
Q

Which sickness should be treated with moderate fiber?

A

Colitis, fiber will help restore normal intestinal motility and transit time, bind excess water, reestablish normal microflora populations and provide energy for colonocytes

123
Q

What type of diet should a dog with diabetes get?

A

Low fat, high fiber, reduced calories

124
Q

What type of diet should a cat with diabetes get?

A

High protein, low carb, low calories

125
Q

What are the important electrolytes in a dog with diabetes?

A

Mg and Zinc

126
Q

What is the difference between pain pathway E2 and E3?

A

Prostaglandin E2 is a pro-inflammatory mediator of inflammation and joint pain, therefore it negatively affects an animal’s pain, E3 protects the body from damage

127
Q

Which fatty acid is a precursor of pain receptor PGE2?

A

Omega-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA), which can be inhibited by steriods

128
Q

Which fatty acid can help protect the body?

A

Omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

129
Q

How do NSAIDS work?

A

They block both pain receptors COX 1 (protection) and COX 2 (precursor to pain); a preferred medication will block COX 2 but allow COX 1 to function

130
Q

What kind of diet should be given to a patient with osteoarthritis?

A

High quality protein that will promote weight loss, preserve lean muscle and supply amino acids for collage synthesis

131
Q

What is a hypoallergenic diet?

A

Food particles broken down enough to not be detected by the body

132
Q

What is an avoidance diet?

A

Avoid whatever an animal is allergic too, but perform a food trial prior to determine allergen

133
Q

What is a novel protein diet?

A

Feed animal protein that is has never had before such as kangaroo, rabbit, lamb etc

134
Q

Why is ingredient selection important for dogs with allergies?

A

Because the same ingredient can be included in food but in a different more tolerable form; cornstarch vs corn

135
Q

What are some supplements recommended for dogs with allergies?

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Zinc to promote wound healing and skin health
  • Vitamins A and E
136
Q

What are the recommended dietary measure to help kidney disease?

A
  • Restricted P and Na, also restrict protein to only high quality
  • Increased omega-3 FA, K, and vitamin B
  • Non-acidifying
  • High palatability
137
Q

What is recommended for a liver disease patient?

A

Dogs require no less than 20% protein in dry food, cats need at least 30%

  • Fiber to bind toxins and inhibit ammonia absorption
  • Minerals Z and K to decrease Cu absorption and replace K depletion
  • Vitamin B, E, C, and K
138
Q

What are the 4 D’s of treating heart disease?

A
  • Digoxin
  • Diuretics
  • Dilators
  • Diet
139
Q

What is the recommended restriction of sodium for cats with heart disease? And for dogs?

A

0.2-0.4% for cats and 0.1-0.2% for dogs

140
Q

Why is it important that a patient with heart disease be given potassium in their diet?

A

Because they may have deficiencies due to medications and anorexia and low levels of K can lead to arrhythmias and muscle weakness and reduce effectiveness of medications

141
Q

What else beside K should the diet of a heart disease patient be supplemented with?

A

B-complex, taurine, and carnitine

142
Q

What is cardiac cachexia?

A

When a patient is not eating and therefor losing muscle mass due to an accumulation of cytokines breaking down fat and skeletal muscle

143
Q

How can a patient with cardiac cachexia be managed with diet?

A
  • Feed a high fat diet with quality protein
  • Offer several small meals
  • Warm food before serving
  • Add small amount of sodium free broth
144
Q

What kind of diet should a patient with FLUTD be fed?

A

Increase water intake and increase protein to increase urine in volume

145
Q

What is the goal of the neuro diet?

A

To add ketones as an energy source for the brain to help prevent seizures

Clinical II (11 decks)

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