Urinalysis Flashcards
What are the types of analysis?
Types of Analysis
- Macroscopic Examination
- Chemical Analysis (Urine Dipstick)
- Microscopic Examination
- Culture (not covered in this lecture)
Components of macroscopic examination
Macroscopic Examination
- Odor/Smell
- Color
If odor is ammonia-like what does that potentially indicate?
Ammonia-like: (Urea-splitting bacteria)
If odor is foul, offensive what does that potentially indicate?
Foul, offensive: Old specimen, pus or inflammation
If odor is sweet what does that potentially indicate?
Sweet: Glucose
If odor is fruity what does that potentially indicate?
Fruity= Ketones
If odor is sulfur what does that potentially indicate?
Sulfer= Asparagus
If color is colorless what does potentially that indicate?
Colorless= Diluted urine
If color is deep yellow what does potentially that indicate?
Deep Yellow= Concentrated Urine
If color is yellow-green what does that potentially indicate?
Yellow-Green= Bilirubin / Biliverdin
If color is red what does that potentially indicate?
Red= Blood / Hemoglobin
What does a chemical analysis consist of?
Urine Dipstick
What is the range for normal specific gavity?
Normal range of specific gravity: 1.001-1.030
What is the cause of low specfic gravity (< 1.001)?
Diabetes insipidus (low SG)
What is the cause of high specific gravity (> 1.030)?
Dehydration (high SG)
What are some limitations of the urine dipstick?
Limitations of Urine Dipstick Specific Gravity
- Interference: alkaline urine
- Does not measure non-ionized solutes (e.g. glucose)
What is the normal pH for urine?
Normal pH 6
What causes urine to be acidic?
Acidic (less than 4.5):
- metabolic acidosis
- high-protein diet
What would cause urine to be basic?
Alkaline (greater than 8.0)
- renal tubular acidosis (>5.5)
What are the limitations of the urine dipstick for pH?
Limitations
- Interference: bacterial overgrowth (alkaline or acidic)
- “run over effect” effect of protein pad on pH indicator pad
- Buffers from the protein area of the strip (pH 3.0) spill over to the pH area of the strip and make the pH of the sample appear more acidic than it really is.