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BIO 233 > Anatomy of the Digestive System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Define alimentary canal

A

Alimentary Canal

  1. The hollow tube extending from mouth to anus
    1. Technically outside the body
    2. Covered with mucous membrane
  2. Also called the gastrointestinal tract
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2
Q

The alimentary canal includes what organs?

A

Alimentary Canal includes:

  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
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3
Q

Define absorbption in the digestive system

A

Absorption

The process in which the digested end products can pass through the epithelial cells lining the tract into the blood for distribution to the body cells

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4
Q

Define digestion

A

Digestion

Process by which foods are broken down into simpler forms so that nutrients can be delivered to all areas in the body

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5
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Two Types of Digestion:

  1. Physical/ mechanical
  2. Chemical
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6
Q

Define physical/mechanical digestion

A

Physical/Mechanical Digestion:

  1. Ingestion
    1. By taking in the substance through the mouth into the gastrointestinal tract, such as through eating or drinking
  2. Chewing
    1. Using your teeth to break the food into smaller pieces
  3. Muscular actions
    1. Churning
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7
Q

Define Chemical Digestion

A

Chemical Digestion:

  • Enzyme breakdown
    • Hydrolysis
  • Absorption
  • Excretion
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8
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Accessory Organs of Digestive System

  • teeth
  • tongue
  • gallbladder
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • pancreas
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9
Q

What is the difference between primary and accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Primary Organs: An organ that helps with digestion and is part of the digestive tract

  • Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

Accessory Organs: An organ that helps with digestion but is not part of the digestive tract

  • teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
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10
Q

What are the six primary functions of the digestive system?

A

Primary Functions of the Digestive System

  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion
  3. Mixing and movement
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Excretion
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11
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

Digestive System

The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body

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12
Q

Define lumen of the alimentary canal

A

Lumen

The interior of the gastrointestinal tract

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13
Q

Identify the organ, its feature, and name

A

Organ: Pancreas

Feature: Acinar cells

Name of feature: Pancreatic acini

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14
Q

What is the pancreatic acini?

A

Pancreatic acini

  • Pancreatic acinar cells produce and secrete digestive enzymes, which are secreted routed to the intestine by a branched ductal network.
  • The bulk of the mature pancreas is comprised of acinar cells
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15
Q

Identify the organ, its feature, and name

A

Organ: Pancreas

Feature:

Name: Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

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16
Q

What are the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)?

A

Pancreatic Islets/ Islets of Langerhans

  • Pancreatic islets contain several types of cells, including beta cells, that produce the hormone insulin.
  • Pancreatic islets, also called islets of Langerhans, are tiny clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas
    • Endocrine function: Islets of Langerhans

Release of insulin and glucagon

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17
Q

Identify the organs, its feature, and feature’s name

A

Organ: Pancreas

Feature: Duct

Name: Pancreatic duct

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the pancreatic duct?

A

Pancreatic Duct

  • The ducts leading into the duodenum
  • Cuboidal or columnar
  • Secrete HCO3-
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19
Q

What is the purpose of the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Endocrine function: Islets of Langerhans

  • Release of insulin and glucagon
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20
Q

What is the purpose of the acinar cells of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine function: Acinar cells

  • Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff
  • Acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain zymogen granules with digestive enzymes
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21
Q

What are the two functions of the pancreas?

A

Functions of the Pancreas

  1. Exocrine function: Acinar cells
    1. Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff
    2. Acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain zymogen granules with digestive enzymes
  2. Endocrine function: Islets of Langerhans
    1. Release of insulin and glucagon
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22
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Pancreas

A

Common bile duct

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23
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Pancreas

A

Head of pancreas

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24
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Pancreas

A

Body of pancreas

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25
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Pancreas

A

Tail of pancreas

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26
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Pancreas

A

Accessory duct of pancreas

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27
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Pancreas

A

Pancreatic duct

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28
Q

Gross Anatomy of the Pancreas

A

Gross Anatomy of the Pancreas

  1. Common bile duct
  2. Head
  3. Body
  4. Tail
  5. Accessory duct
  6. Pancreatic duct
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29
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Gallbladder

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30
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Right and left hepatic ducts of liver

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31
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Common hepatic duct

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32
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Bile duct and sphincter

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33
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Accessory pancreatic duct

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34
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Pancreas

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35
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Jejunum

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36
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Main pancreatic duct and sphincter

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37
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Major duodenal papilla

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38
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter

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39
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Duodenum

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40
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Cystic duct

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41
Q

Biliary Tree

A

Mucosa with folds

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42
Q

Name of this structure

A

Biliary Tree

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43
Q

Label the structure:

A

Biliary Tree

  1. Gallbladder
  2. Right and left hepatic ducts of liver
  3. Common hepatic duct
  4. Bile duct and sphincter
  5. Accessory pancreatic duct
  6. Pancreas
  7. Jejunum
  8. Main pancreatic duct and sphincter
  9. Major duodenal papilla
  10. Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter
  11. Duodenum
  12. Cystic duct
  13. Mucosa with folds
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44
Q

What is the function of 1?

A

Gallbladder

  • Function: stores the bile salts that the liver makes
    • Secretes as an emulsifier
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45
Q

Name the structure and function

A

Liver

  • Function: to make bile salts
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46
Q
A

Coronary ligament

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47
Q
A

Right lobe

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48
Q
49
Q

Name structure and function

A

Gallbladder

Function: to store and excrete bile salts made from the liver

50
Q
A

Round ligament (ligamentum teres)

51
Q
A

Falciform ligament

52
Q
A

Caudate lobe

53
Q
54
Q
A

Hepatic portal vein

55
Q
A

Hepatic artery

56
Q
A

Quadrate lobe

57
Q
A

Common bile duct

58
Q
A

Gallbladder

59
Q
A

Hilus (porta hepatis)

60
Q
A

Right lobe

61
Q
A

Inferior vena cava

62
Q
A

Left hepatic vein

63
Q
A

Liver

  1. Coronary ligament
  2. Right lobe
  3. Left lobe
  4. Gallbladder
  5. Round ligament (ligamentum teres)
  6. Falciform ligament
  7. Left lobe
  8. Hepatic portal vein
  9. Hepatic artery
  10. Quadrate lobe
  11. Common bile duct
  12. Gallbladder
  13. Hilus (porta hepatis)
  14. Right lobe
  15. Inferior vena cava
  16. Left hepatic vein
  17. Caudate lobe
64
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

65
Q

How many lobes does the liver have and what are their names?

A

Liver has 4 superfical lobes

  1. Right lobe (2 & 14)
  2. Left lobe (3 & 7)
  3. Caudate (17)
  4. Quadrate (10)
66
Q

What is the falciform ligament of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament (6)

  • Seperates the right and left lobes anteriorly
  • Suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
67
Q

What is hepatitis (definition only)

A

Hepatitis

  • Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.
  • The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer.
  • Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.
68
Q

What is cirrhosis of the liver?

A

Cirrhosis

  • Hardening of the liver due to scar tissue resulting in loss of liver function
69
Q

Liver Model

A

Liver Model

  1. ​Left lobe
  2. Hepatic artery
  3. Quadrate lobe
  4. Gallbladder
  5. Cystic duct
  6. Right lobe
  7. Portal vein
  8. Inferior vena cava
  9. Caudate lobe
70
Q

What is the function of this structure?

A

Salivary Glands

  • Function: To produce saliva and the digestive enzyme amylase (breaks down starch)
71
Q

Name the structure and its secretions

A

Parotid

  • Largest of the salivary glands
  • Primarily serous with salivary amylase
72
Q

Name the structure and its secretions

A

Sublingual

  • “Below the tongue”
  • Smallest of the salivary glands
  • Secretes mucous fluids
73
Q

Name the structure and its secretions

A

Submandibular

  • Located on the floor of the mouth
  • Secretes both serous and mucous fluids
74
Q

Name the structure

A

Parotid Duct

  • A duct and the route that saliva takes from the major salivary gland, the parotid gland into the mouth
  • Histology:
    • Tube with cubiodal or columnar ET
75
Q
A

Salivary Glands

  1. Parotid gland
    1. Amylase
  2. Submandibular gland
    1. Serous and mucous fluids
  3. Sublingual gland
    1. Mucous fluid
  4. Paroid duct
  5. Accessory parotid gland
76
Q

Name of organ and structure

A

Organ: salivary gland (submandibular)

Structure: duct

77
Q

Name of organ and structure

A

Organ: Salivary gland (submandibular)

  • Structure: Serous acini
    • *Acini = berry like
    • Makes serous fluid
78
Q

Name of organ and structure

A

Organ: Salivary Gland

  • Structure: mucus acini
    • *Acini = berry like
    • “Mucous cells”
    • Lots of white space = lots of mucous
79
Q

Name of organ and structure

3

A

Organ: Salivary gland

  • Structure: serous acini demilune
    • Demilunes = crescent moon
    • Dark purle of acini
    • “Watery moon”
80
Q

Name the organ and its structures

A

Salivary gland (submandibular)

  1. Duct
  2. Serous acini
  3. Serous acini demilune
  4. Mucus acini
81
Q

Name the organ and its structures

A

Salivary Gland

  1. Serous acini demilune
  2. Mucus acini
  3. Serous acini
82
Q

Name the organ and its structures

A

Salivary glands

  1. Serous acini demilune
83
Q

Name the organ and its structures

A

Salivary Glands

  1. Duct
  2. Serous acini
  3. Mucus acini
84
Q
85
Q
A

Hepatic portal vein

86
Q
A

Ileocecal valve is in here

87
Q
88
Q
A

(Vermiform) Appendix

89
Q
A

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

90
Q
A

Superior Mesentric Artery

91
Q
A

Teniae coli (3)

92
Q
A

Epiploic appendages

  • Fat deposits outside of the colon
93
Q

Name the organ and its structures

A

Large Intestine

  1. Hepatic portal vein
  2. Teniae coli (3)
  3. Ileocecal valve (is located there)
  4. Cecum
  5. (Vermiform) Appendix
  6. Iluem (small intestine)
  7. Inferior mesentric artery
  8. Epiploic appendages
  9. Superior mesentic artery
  10. Aorta
94
Q
A

Cecum

  • Has 4-5 haustra (bumps)
95
Q
A

Transverse Colon

96
Q
A

Descending Colon

97
Q
A

Ascending Colon

98
Q
A

Teniae coli (3)

  • Smooth muscle that helps in peristalsis
99
Q
100
Q
A

Anal Canal

101
Q
A

Sigmoid Colon

  • Left hand side of body
  • Gas and dry fecal matter
102
Q
A

Splenic Flexure

  • Left side of body
    • “Spleen side”
103
Q
A

Hepatic Flexure

  • Right hand side of body
    • “Liver side”
104
Q

Name the organd and its structures

A

Large Intestine

  1. Hepatic flexure
  2. Teniae coli (3)
  3. Ascending colon
  4. Rectum
  5. Anal canal
  6. Sigmoid colon
  7. Descending colon
  8. Splenic flexure
  9. Transverse colon
105
Q

What are the three types of papillae?

A

Types of Papillae

  1. Fungiform
  2. Filiform
  3. Vallate
106
Q

Where are the taste buds in reference to the papillae?

A

Taste buds

  • Along the sides of fungiform and vallate papillae
107
Q

What is mastication?

A

Mastication= chewing

  • Chewing is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth.
    • It is the first step of digestion, and it increases the surface area of foods to allow more efficient break down by enzymes.
    • During the mastication process, the food is positioned by the cheek and tongue between the teeth for grinding
108
Q

What are the two muscles of mastication?

A

Muscles of Mastication

  1. Masseter
  2. Temporalis
109
Q

Name the organ and its structures

A

Pancreas

  1. Connective tissue
  2. Islet of Landerhans
  3. Pancreatic acinus
110
Q

Name the organ, the structure, and function

2

A
  • Organ: Pancreas
  • Structure: Islet of Langerhans
  • Function: (Endocrine) Release of insulin and glucagon
111
Q

Name the organ, the structure, and function

3

A
  • Organ: Pancreas
  • Structure: Pancreatic acinus
    • “Acinar cells”
  • Function: (Exocrine)
    • Secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff
    • Acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain zymogen granules with digestive enzymes
112
Q

What are the six regions of the colon?

A

Regions of the colon:

  1. Ascending colon
  2. Hepatic flexure
  3. Transverse colon
  4. Splenic flexure
  5. Descending colon
  6. Sigmoid colon
113
Q

What region of the colon joins the rectum?

A

Sigmoid colon

114
Q

What region of the large intestine opens to the exterior of the anus?

*Hint: The last segment of the large intestine

A

Anal canal

115
Q

The large intestine is divided into what five parts?

*Hint: Not regions

A

The large intestine is subdivided into the:

  1. Cecum
  2. Appendix
  3. Colon
    1. Ascending colon
    2. Hepatic flexure
    3. Transverse colon
    4. Splenic flexure
    5. Descending colon
    6. Sigmoid colon
  4. Rectum
  5. Anal canal
116
Q

What part of the large intestine contains the following?

  1. Lies below the ileocecal valve in the right iliac fossa
  2. Contains a wormlike vermiform appendix
A

Cecum

“Saclike”

117
Q

Name the organ, and its structures

A

Organ: Large Intestine

  1. Haustra
    1. “Bumps”
  2. Teniae coli (3)
  3. Ileum (small intestine)
  4. Cecum
  5. Appendix
    1. “Verniform”

BIO 233 (13 decks)

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