Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Function of Respiratory System
Gas Exchange of the bloodstream
CO2 (out)
O2 (in)
What are the pathway organs of inhalation from start to finish?
- (Start) Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachae
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Alveoli (“air sacs”)
- *Respiratory membrane
- (Goal) Capillaries
- Contains blood
What is the name of the thin layer between the alveoli and capillaries?
Respiratory Membrane
What are the three characterisitics of the respiratory membrane?
Characteristics of Respiratory Membrane
- Thin membrane
- Simple squamous ET = quick exchange
- Macrophages
- “Big eaters” = Pathogen eaters
- Protects membrane from pathogens (immunity)
- Surfactant-secreting cells
- Secretes lubrication
- Prevents alveoli from sticking to one another
What are the three characterisitics of a smoker’s respiratory membrane?
Smoker’s Respiratory Membrane
- Smoking kills surfactant-secreting cells
- No lubrication
- Causes alveoli to stick to one another
- Smoking kills macrophages = no immunity
- Smoking causes the thin membrane to thicken
- Causes it to be harder to breathe
What are the five steps for inhalation?
Inhalation
- Diaphragm contracts
- Moves down
- The thoracic cavity expands
- Increase in chest volume
- Lungs expand
- Increase in lung volume
- Pressure decreases in the lungs (alveoli)
- Air moves in due to pressure gradient
- From high to low pressure
What does the formula represent?
Increase Volume = Decrease Pressure
Increase Volume = Decrease Pressure
Inhalation
Air moves into the lungs due to the lungs having an increase in volume but decreased pressure
What are the five steps for exhalation?
Exhalation
- Diaphragm moves up and relaxes
- Thoracic cavity gets smaller
- Volume decreases
- Lungs get smaller
- Decreased volume in lungs
- Pressure increases in alveoli
- Air moves out of lungs due to pressure gradient
- Moves from high to low pressure
What does the formula represent?
Decease Volume = Increase Pressure
Decease Volume = Increase Pressure
Exhalation
The decreased volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs causes the pressure to increase
How do the lungs and thoracic cavity move as an unit?
Visceral pleura
The pleural cavity pulls the lungs to the chest muscles
Name
Nasal Cavity
- The nasal cavity is the inside of your nose.
- It is lined with a mucous membrane that helps keep your nose moist by making mucus so you won’t get nosebleeds from a dry nose.
- There are also little hairs that help filter the air you breathe in, blocking dirt and dust from getting into your lungs.
What is pneumothorax?
Pneumothorax = “collapsed lung”
- Pneumothorax is an air leak in the chest (hole) due to damage of the pleural membranes
What causes pneumothorax?
Causes of Pneomothorax
- A hole in the lung due to damage to the pleural membranes
- The pleural membrans holds the lungs to the chest walls
Oral Cavity
- The first section of the mouth is known as the oral cavity, or the mouth cavity.
- This space is bordered in the front and to the sides by the two alveolar arches, which contain the teeth
Name
Nostril/ External Nares
- Is one of the two channels of the nose, from the point where they bifurcate to the external opening
Larynx
- The larynx is a tough, flexible segment of the respiratory tract connecting the pharynx to the trachea in the neck.
- It plays a vital role in the respiratory tract by allowing air to pass through it while keeping food and drink from blocking the airway.
- The larynx is also the body’s “voice box” as it contains the vocal folds that produce the sounds of speech and singing
Pharynx
- The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.
- Food, fluid, and air “tube”
Trachea
- The trachea (or windpipe) is a wide, hollow tube that connects the larynx (or voice box) to the bronchi of the lungs.
- It is an integral part of the body’s airway and has the vital function of providing air flow to and from the lungs for respiration.
Site of Carina
- he carina is a ridge of cartilage in the trachea that occurs between the division of the two main bronchi
Right (Main) Primary Bronchus
- The right main bronchus (primary) is one of the air passageways into the lungs
Right Lung (3 Lobes)
- Superior lobe of right lung
- Middle lobe of right lung
- Wedged shaped
- Inferior lobe of right lung
Left Lung (2 Lobes)
- Superior lobe of left lung
- Inferior lobe of left lung
Diaphragm
- The diaphragm is the dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that serves as the main muscle of respiration and plays a vital role in the breathing process
Respiratory System
- Nasel cavity
- Nostril/ external nares
- Oral cavity
- Larynx
- Right primary bronchus
- Right lung
- Pharynx
- Trachea
- Site of carina
- Left lung
- Diaphragm
What is the structure and its function?
Nasal Cavity
- Varies in size (surface area) between people
- Heats and humidifies the air from the atmosphere
Nasopharynx
- The nasopharynx is located above the soft palate.
- It communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing
- The eustachian tubes, which connect the pharynx with the middle ears, open through the walls of the nasopharynx
Oropharynx
- The oropharynx, or pharynx, is a passage that connects the back of the mouth and the nose to the esophagus.
- This muscular tube, which is lined with mucous membranes, is a part of the respiratory and the digestive systems
Laryngopharynx
- The laryngopharynx is where both food and air pass.
- It can be found between the hyoid bone and the larynx and esophagus, which helps guide food and air where to go. It is a part of the pharynx.
- A smooth mucous membrane covers the side and back walls.
- At the back of the larynx, the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx exists.
- Nasal cavity
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Upper Respiratory System Structures
- Sphenoidal sinus
- Superior meatus
- Middle meatus
- Pharyngeal tonsil
- Opening of pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
- Nasopharynx
- Internal nares
- Uvula
Upper Respiratory System Structures
- Palatine tonsil
- Fauces
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Vestibular fold
- Vocal fold
- Esophagus
Upper Respiratory System Structures
- Frontal sinys
- Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
- Superior concha
- Middle concha
- Inferior concha
- Vestibule
- Inferior meatus
- External nares
Upper Respiratory System Structures
- Hard palate
- Soft palate
- Tongue
- Lingual tonsil
- Epiglottis
- Hyoid bone
- Thryoid cartilage of larynx
- Cricoid cartilage
- Thryoid gland
- Trachea
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular Respiration
- The oxygen-using cellular processes
- Cellular metabolism
What is the respiratory system?
Respiratory System
- System of organs that function to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbone dioxide
What are the four distinct processes of respiration?
Processes of Respiraton
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External respiration
- Transport of respiratory gases
- Internal respiration
What is pulmonary ventilation?
Pulmonary Ventilation
- The tidelike movement of air into and out of the lungs so that the gases in the alveoli are continously changed and refreshed
- Also more simply called ventilation or breathing
What is external respiraton?
External Respiration
- The gas exchange between the blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs
- Oxygen loading/ carbon dioxoide unloading
What is meant by the transport of respiratory gases?
Transport of Respiratory Gases
- The transport of respiratory gases between the lungs and tissue cells of the body is accomplished by the cardiovascular system
- Using blood as the transport vehicle
What is internal respiration?
Internal Respiration
- Exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells (oxygen unloading and carbon dioxide loading)
What are the structures of the upper respiratory system?
Upper Respiratory System Structures
- External nares = nostrils
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
What structures make up the nasal cavity?
Nasal Cavity Structures
- Vestibule
- Nasal septum
- Nasal conchae
- Inferior, middle, & superior
- Nasal meatus
- Inferior, middle, & superior
- Para-nasal sinuses
- Hard palate
- Soft palate
- Pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Larynx
Define cleft palate.
Cleft Palate
- A congenital split in the roof of the mouth.
External Nares
- Nostrils
Vestibule
- Most anterior part of the nasal cavity
Name of organ pierced
Nasal Septum
- The bone and cartilage that divide the nasal cavity of the nose in half
Name the structure and its function
Nasal Conchae
- (singular is concha)
- Increases air turbulence.
- As air passes through the nasal cavity, it is also warmed, moistened, and filtered by the nasal mucosa
What is the function of the nasal meatus?
Inferior, Middle, & Superior Nasal Meatus
- A meatus is a passage or opening in the body, especially one which is open to the exterior).
- The nasal meatuses are located beneath each of the corresponding nasal conchae.
What are the names of the para-nasal sinuses?
Para-Nasal Sinuses
- Frontal sinus
- Sphenoid sinus
- Ethmoid sinus
- Maxillary sinus
*These sinuses are named for the bones in which they are located
What is the function of the para-nasal sinuses?
Para-Nasal Sinuses
- Function: To act as a resonance chamber in speech and their mucosae, like in the nasal cavity, warms and moistens the incoming air
Hard Palate
- The bony front part of the palate
- Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
Soft Palate
- The fleshy, flexible part toward the back of the roof of the mouth
- Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
Colored area
Pharynx
- The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.
- Food, fluid, and air tube
- Approximately 13 cm (5 in) long
Name this section of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
- The upper part of the pharynx, connecting with the nasal cavity above the soft palate
- Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
- Openings of auditory (pharyngo-tympanic) tubes
- Internal nares (posterior nasal aperture)
Define otitis media and what part of the pharynx does it affect?
Otitis Media
- Inflammatory diseases of the middle ear
- Affects the nasopharynx
Name the region of the pharynx this structure is in and its anatomy.
Oropharynx
- Palatine tonsils
- Lingual tonsils
- Uvula
- Fauces: opening to oral cavity
Name the regions of pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
Name the nine cartilages of the larynx
Cartilages of Lanynx
- Epiglottis (elastic)
- Laryngeal prominence (hyaline)
- Thyroid (hyaline)
- Cricoid (hyaline)
- Tracheal (hyaline)
- Ventricular fold (hyaline)
- False vocal cords
- Vocal fold (hyaline)
- True vocal cords
- Arytenoid (hyaline)
- Corniculate (hyaline)
Name the structures of the larynx
- Thyro-hyoid ligament and membrane
- Crico-tracheal ligament
- Crico-thyroid ligament
- Hyoid bone
What are the structures of the lower respiratory system?
Structures of Lower Respiratory System
- Trachea
- Carina
- Primary (main) bronchi
- Left & right
- Hilus
- Secondary (lobar) bronchi
- Left & right
- Tertiary (segmental) bonchi
- Left & right
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles (left & right)
- Respiratory bronchioles (left & right)
- Respiratory tree
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
- Respiratory membrane
What is meant by respiratory zone?
Respiratory Zone
- Is the site of O2 and CO2 exchange with the blood
What are the structures for the respiratory zone?
Structures of the respiratory zone
- Trachea
- Carina
- Primary (main) bronchi
- Hilus
- Secondary (lobar) bronchi
- Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
