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Clinical Pathology - Exam 2 > Urinalysis > Flashcards

Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 methods of urine collection?

A

cystocentesis
voided catch/mid-stream flow
catheterization

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2
Q

What is the advantage of Cystocentesis?

A

method of choice

localize source of hematuria, pyuria, and bacteriuria

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3
Q

What is the disadvantage of the Voided/Mid-Stream method?

A

may be contaminated w/ cells, bacteria, etc.

NOT suitable for culture

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4
Q

Disadvantage of catheterization?

A

sample may contain RBCs due to irritation from the catheter

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5
Q

Using a dipstick, what are you measuring?

A 
pH
Glucose
USG
Ketones
Blood
Blood-Hemoprotein
Protein
Urobilirubin
Leukocytes and Nitrates
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6
Q

Increased urine pH can be due to renal tubular dysfunction often leading to paradoxical alkaline urine bc…

A

excessive loss of bicarbonate in the urine.

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7
Q

What does an alkaline urine pH do to a dipstick reading?

A

Alkaline pH results in +1 protein reading.

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8
Q

How do Bence Jones proteins, very dilute, or very acidic urine affect a dipstick reading?

A

may cause False negative protein readings

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9
Q

What alternate test detects Bence Jones proteins?

A

Sulphosalicylic Acid Test

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10
Q

What does the Blood-Hemoprotein pad detect?

A

Hematuria
Hemoglobinuria
Myoglobinuria

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11
Q

In cats, what can cause a False positive on the Glucose pad?

A

cats with FLUTD (urethral obstruction)
drugs
pancreatitis
bacterial peroxidases

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12
Q

What can cause a False negative on the Glucose pad?

A

salicylates
tetracyclines
high Vit C concentrations

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13
Q

Glucosuria without Hyperglycemia is most commonly found in patients w/…

A

young puppies - tubule immaturity

renal tubular damage

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14
Q

What Ketones do the dipsticks detect?

A

acetoacetic acid & acetone

NOT Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

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15
Q

Why do you get ketones in urine?

A

deranged energy metabolism where fat is used in excess of carbohydrates

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16
Q

What reaction detects conjugated bilirubin?

A

diazotisation reaction

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17
Q

Describe Dogs and Bilirubin…

A

dogs have a low threshold for Br

Bilirubinuria results from: cholestasis and hemolytic anemia

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18
Q

Describe Cats and Bilirubin…

A

cats have a high threshold for Br

bilirubinuria results from: diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroid cases

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19
Q

If you see Urobilinogen in a urine sample you know…

A

the patient has an intact biliary system.

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20
Q

What are the formed elements that can be found in a urine sediment?

A 
epithelial cells
leukocytes
erythrocytes
casts
crystals
infectious agents
debris/contamination and overgrowth
21
Q

What leukocytes are normally seen in a urine sediment?

A

neutrophils

22
Q

Large numbers of neutrophils in a urine sediment indicates…

A

presence of inflammatory process in the urogenital system

23
Q

What are casts?

A

cylindrical particles composed of mucoprotein and epithelial cells lining the loops of henle, distal tubules, and collecting ducts

24
Q

The presence of casts in a urinary sediment allows you to…

A

localize the lesion to WITHIN the kidney

25
Q

List the 5 types of casts.

A 
cellular
hyaline
granular
fatty
waxy
26
Q

The presence of _______ casts is ALWAYS abnormal.

A

The presence of cellular casts is ALWAYS abnormal.

27
Q

When do you see hyaline casts in urine sediment?

A

fever, exercise, or glomerular disease

28
Q

When do you see granular casts in urine sediment?

A

form as a stage in the degeneration of cellular casts

29
Q

When do you see fatty casts in urine sediment?

A

associated with degenerative tubular disease (most common type seen in cat urine)

30
Q

What is the most common cast seen in cat urine?

A

fatty casts

31
Q

When you see waxy casts in urine sediment…what are you thinking?

A

indicates chronic tubular disease

ALWAYS of pathologic significance

32
Q

Cellular casts can be WBC, RBC or Epithelial. What do each indicate?

A

WBC - pyelonephritis
RBC - renal hemorrhage, and possible inflammation
Epithelial - degeneration of tubules

33
Q

Common crystals found in urine sediment…

A 
struvite
calcium carbonate
calcium oxalate dihydrate
bilirubin
amorphous crystals
34
Q

Struvite crystals..

A

most common in dogs and cats
favors pH > 7
seen in UTIs with urease + bacteria

35
Q

Calcium Carbonate crystals..

A

common in normal horse, rabbit, guinea pig and goat urine

36
Q

Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals..

A

normal in horse and cattle urine
can occur secondary to increased Ca2+ excretion due to disorders of Ca2+ metabolism and seen in ethylene glycol intoxication

37
Q

Bilirubin crystals…

A

common in concentrated K9 urine

tend to precipitate onto other formed elements

38
Q

amorphous crystals…

A

A. urates: Na, Mg, K, or Ca salts
A phosphates
Xanthine

39
Q

List the uncommon crystals found in urine..

A 
cystine 
biurates
drugs
tyrosine
calcium oxalate monohydrate
40
Q

Cystine crystals…

A

usually in acidic urine

inborn error of metabolism w/ defective renal tubular reabsorption of certain amino acids including cystine

41
Q

biurate crystals…

A

NH3 Urate
favors pH > 7
dalmations and bulldogs
common in dogs and cats with liver shunts

42
Q

What drugs commonly form urine crystals?

A

sulpha drugs

43
Q

Tyrosine crystals…

A

associated w/ severe liver disease in humans

rare in animals

44
Q

calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals..

A

virtually always associated with ethylene glycol intoxication

45
Q

T/F - In a normal animal, the urine in the bladder is sterile.

A

True!

46
Q

Clinically significant bacteria in the urine is normally accompanied with…

A

leukocytes

47
Q

What are the parasites that can be found in urine?

A

Dirofilaria immitis
Capillaria plica
Dioctophyme renale

48
Q

What debris/contaminants can be found in urine?

A

fat droplets, pollen, mold spores, sperm

Clinical Pathology - Exam 2 (7 decks)

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