Urinalysis Flashcards
What are the 4 urinalysis methods?
- Gross appearance
- Dipstick
- Specific Gravity
- Sediment analysis
What are some tips for owners?
- Ideally morning sample best, as urine is more concentrated
- Cats with cystitis often urinate in inappropriate places, so get a syringe to collect sample
- For dogs, use a plastic tub to catch urine; ensure no residue is left, as will affect results
What is the daily volume of urine for a dog?
- 20-50ml/kg/day
What is the daily volume of urine for a cat?
- 10-20ml/kg/day
What is the daily volume of urine for a rabbit?
- 120-130ml/kg/day
What should you look for in the gross appearance of urine?
- Colour
- Turbidity
- Presence of debris
- Odour
Is red/orange/yellow/green urine normal for a rabbit?
- Yes
How is USG carried out?
- Measure USG using refractometer
- Water has an SG of 1.000, so anything dissolved in water will increase the weight
How do the kidneys determine USG?
- Medulla become concentrated in salts
- ADH determines how concentrated urine is
- Need functioning kidney to produce very concentrated or very dilute urine
What is the normal USG for a dog?
- 1.015-1.045
What is the normal USG for a cat?
- 1.035-1.060
What is the normal USG for a rabbit?
- 1.003-1.036
What does isosthenuric means in USG?
- Roughly same concentration as plasma
- No evidence of kidney working
What does hyposthenuric mean in USG?
- Less concentrated than blood plasma
- the kidney has actively diluted the urine to lose water
What does hypersthenuric mean in USG?
- More concentrated than blood plasma
- The kidney has actively concentrated the urine
What is azotaemia?
- Too much waste products in urine
- Caused by pre-renal and renal failure
What do dipsticks test?
- pH
- Protein
- Glucose
- Ketones
- Bilirubin
- Leucocytes
- Erythrocytes
- Haemoglobin
What is a normal pH for both a cat and dog?
- 3.5-7.5
What should be done if the protein value is positive on dipstick?
- Check urine protein:creatinine ratio
- Possible renal failure underlying
What should be considered if the glucose value is positive?
- Glycosuria with hyperglycaemia
- Diabetes mellitus
- Stress
- Hyperadrenocorticism
What should be considered if ketone value is positive?
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Starvation
What should be considered if bilirubin values are not trace in a dog and negative in a cat?
- Liver/bile duct disease (cholestasis)
Which method of urine collection would be most appropriate if a urine culture and sensitivity is to be performed?
- Cystocentesis
If a urine sample cannot be processed, what action should be done?
- Refrigerate sample
Which species can calcium carbonate crystals be considered normal?
- Rabbits
- Other herbivores
What type of urinary crystal is commonly found in Dalmations, english bulldog, black russian terrier and those with liver failure ?
- Urate (uric acid) and ammonium biurate
What condition is associated with calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in a depressed vomiting cat?
- Ethylene glycol toxicity
What are the 8 crystals found in dogs and cats?
- Struvite
- Calcium oxalate dihydrate (diamonds)
- Calcium oxalate monohydrate
- Ammonium urate (Brown shells)
- Uric acid (Look red)
- Bilirubin (Sea urchins)
- Cystine (Hexagons)
- Calcium phosphate (Spiky)
Which uroliths can be dissolved instead of surgical removal?
- Struvite
- Ammonium urate
