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Laboratory Diagnostics > Haematology: WBC > Flashcards

Haematology: WBC Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 white blood cells?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
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2
Q

What are neutrophils?

A
  • If the nucleus is lobed, they are mature neutrophils
  • If the nucleus has a band, they are young neutrophils
  • Fine pink granules
  • Function: phagocytosis
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3
Q

What are eosinophils?

A
  • Lobed nucleus
  • Big granules
  • Function: fight parasites
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4
Q

What are basophils?

A
  • Lobed nucleus
  • Purple granules
  • Function: Release histamines, which stimulate inflammation
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5
Q

What are mast cells?

A
  • Round/oval nucleus
  • Rarely seen in a blood smear
  • Numerous purple cytoplasmic granules
  • Seen in allergic disease
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6
Q

What are monocytes?

A
  • Large cells
  • Nucleus pale and very variable shape
  • May have vacuoles in cytoplasm
  • Function: Remove debris and stimulate healing
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7
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A
  • No granules in cytoplasm
  • If reacting, cytoplasm becomes dark blue
  • Function: T and B cell stimulation
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8
Q

What is the neutrophil life cycle?

A
  • Produced in bone marrow (takes a week)
  • Enters blood (for only 12 hours)
  • Marginate (in capillary to wait if needed; this will take 2-5 days)
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9
Q

What happens to neutrophils in the blood?

A
  • Band neutrophils become segmentated neutrophils, where the nuclues divides into 3-5 lobes
  • These then become hyper-segmented, where the nucleus divides further into over 6 lobes
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10
Q

What causes a decrease in pancytopenia?

A
  • All blood cells
  • Severe myelosuppression
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11
Q

What causes a decrease in panleucopenia?

A
  • WBC
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12
Q

What causes an increase in neutrophilia?

A
  • Stress
  • Steroid inflammation
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13
Q

What causes a decrease in neutropenia?

A
  • Severe infection
  • Decreased BM production due to chemotherapy
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14
Q

What causes an increase in eosinophils?

A
  • Parasitism
  • Allergy
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15
Q

What causes an increase in lymphocytosis?

A
  • Lymphoproliferative disease e.g., lymphoid leukaemia
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16
Q

What causes a decrease in lymphopenia?

A
  • Viral infection
17
Q

What causes an increase in monocytosis?

A
  • Inflammation
18
Q

What do increase WBCC show?

A
  • Infection
  • Neutrophilia
  • Neoplasia
  • Allergy or parasitism
  • Lymphoprofilerative disease
19
Q

What do increased neutrophils (left shift) show?

A
  • Increased numbers of band neutrophils, which cause inflammation, so cytokines are released, which stimulate BM to increase production
20
Q

What do increased neutrophils (right shift) show?

A
  • Increased number of hyper-segmented neutrophils stimulate adrenaline or cortisol, which stop cells marginating
21
Q

How does a toxic change happen in neutrophils?

A
  • These are abnormal neutrophils (abnormal vacuoles and granules), which are released by the BM, as struggling to keep up with demand
22
Q

What is excitement or fear leucocytosis?

A
  • Excitement/fear releases adrenaline, which triggers a right shift, which triggers spleen contraction and lymphocytosis
23
Q

What is stress leucocytosis?

A
  • Stress releases cortisol, which triggers a right shift, which triggers lymphopenia
24
Q

What is inflammatory leucocytosis?

A
  • Inflammation/infection releases cytokines, which triggers a left shift, which can causes toxic damage at rushed production
25
Q

What do decreased WBCC show?

A
  • BM can’t kepp up with the migration of cells to where they are needed
  • Overwhelming bacterial infection resulting in neutropenia
  • Viral infectionresulting in lymphopenia
  • Lymphoprofilerative disorders
  • Cytotoxic drug
  • Oestrogen supplementation
  • Irradiation
  • BM infection
26
Q

What are platelets?

A
  • Small biconcave discs
  • No nucleus
  • Pink granules
27
Q

How do platelets form?

A
  • Thrombocytes bud off to form megakaryocytes in the BM
  • Stimulated by thrombopoietin from liver and kidney
28
Q

What happens when platelets are activated?

A
  • Become small binconvex discs
  • Become stellate and stick to each other to make a plug and damage vessel
  • Stick to collagen via the von Willebrand factor
29
Q

What are the 3 steps of haemostasis?

A
  • Vascular spasm
  • Platelet plug formation
  • Coagulation
30
Q

What happens in vascular spasm?

A
  • Smooth muscle contracts causing vasoconstriction
31
Q

What happens in platelet plug formation?

A
  • Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibres and platelets adhere. Platelets release chemicals that make nearby sticky, which causes a plug
32
Q

What happens in coagulation?

A
  • Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets, forming a clot via a extrinsic (blood vessel ruptures) or intrinsic pathway (damage blood vessel exposes collagen)
33
Q

How are clotting factors produced?

A
  • Made in the liver; require vitamin K
34
Q

What are clinical signs of a clotting factor deficiency?

A
  • Delayed bleeding
  • Large bruises (ecchymoses)
35
Q

Name some platelet disorders

A
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Thrombocytopathia
  • Von Willebrand disorder
36
Q

What is Thrombocytopenia?

A
  • Decreased production in platelets caused by a BM disorder
  • Increased loss/use of platelets caused by haemorrhage, enlarged spleen and immune mediated thrombocytopenia
37
Q

How is haemostasis assessed?

A
  • Bleeding time
  • Clot retraction

Laboratory Diagnostics (11 decks)

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