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Laboratory Diagnostics > Haematology: RBC > Flashcards

Haematology: RBC Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of a capillary?

A
  • Allows oxygen, glucose, fats and protein to reach tissues
  • Allow carbon dioxide, urea and creatinine to be removed
  • Allow clotting factors and WBC to access areas when damaged
  • Allow messages in the form of hormones
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2
Q

What is blood?

A

The substance that ensures tissues all over the body receive nutrition, oxygenation, immunity, communication and waste management

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3
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

-7.4

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4
Q

What is haematology?

A

The study of blood cells

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5
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

The study of chemical and biological substances within the blood (plasma or serum)

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6
Q

What can we measure with haematology?

A
  • PCV/Haematocrit
  • Haemoglobin
  • RBC number and morphology
  • WBCC
  • WBC types and morphology
  • Platelet count
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7
Q

What can we measure with biochemistry?

A
  • Nutrients
  • Wastes
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones
  • Clotting
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8
Q

How should we take blood samples and why?

A
  • Should use the widest gauge (green) to minimise haemolysis (damaging of cells)
  • Should use the smallest appropriate syringe to minimise clotting
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9
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • The liquid, cell-free part of blood that has been treated with anti-coagulants
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10
Q

How should we add blood in the blood tube and why?

A
  • Remove needle from syringe before adding blood, as it can damage the cells
  • Add blood to tube, invert 5-10x to mix with anticoagulant or to encourage clotting in serum tubes
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11
Q

What is serum?

A
  • The liquid part of blood after coagulation; therefore devoid of clotting factors as fibrinogen
  • Has higher protein than plasma
  • Ultimately, serum = plasma - fibrinogen/clotting factors
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12
Q

What is the order of adding blood to blood tubes to prevent cross-contamination?

A

-Citrate
- Serum
- Gel
- Heparin
- EDTA
- Fluoride-oxalate

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13
Q

What is a white blood tube?

A
  • No additive
  • Used for serum for biochemistry
  • Encourages clotting
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14
Q

What is a brown blood tube?

A
  • Gel additive
  • Used for serum for biochemistry
  • Encourages clotting and gel separates clot from serum
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15
Q

What is a orange blood tube?

A
  • Lithium heparin anticoagulant additive
  • Used for biochemistry
  • Heparin inhibits clotting pathway
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16
Q

What is a red/pink blood tube?

A
  • Potassium EDTA anticoagulant additive
  • Used for haematology
  • EDTA irreversibly binds calcium and preserves cell morphology
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17
Q

What is a lavender blood tube?

A
  • Sodium citrate anticoagulant additive
  • Used for clotting tests
  • Citrate reversibly binds calcium
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18
Q

What is a yellow blood tube?

A
  • Fluoride oxalate anticoagulant additive
  • Used for glucose and lactate
  • Fluoride prevents cells using glucose or producing lactate and oxalate irreversibly binds calcium
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19
Q

How should anti-coagulant samples be processed?

A
  • Heparin, fluoride-oxalate or citrate: Use whole blood for in house analysers or if sending to external lab, it needs to be centrifuged and then plasma needs to be taken out using a pipette and dispensed into a plasma tube
  • EDTA: Don’t centrifuge, as cells are needed
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20
Q

How should serum samples be processed?

A
  • Add blood to tube and invert to encourage clotting
  • Leave to clot for 10-30 min at room temperature
  • Centrifuge
  • Plain: remove serum or RBC in clot start to lyse and release contents which affect the serum
  • Serum: Don’t remove serum
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21
Q

How should blood samples be stored?

A
  • EDTA haematology: use immediately or store in fridge for 12 hours
  • Plasma and separated serum: use within 4 hours or store in fridge
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22
Q

How are blood cells formed?

A
  • Produced in the bone marrow
  • Stem cells produce all types of blood cells
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23
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A
  • Formation of blood cells
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24
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A
  • Cells of the lymphoid lineage
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25
Q

What are myeloid cells?

A
  • Cells of the myeloid lineage (erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes and monocytes)
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26
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A
  • Formation of RBCs
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27
Q

What is lymphopoiesis?

A
  • Formation of lymphocytes
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28
Q

How are WBCs produced?

A
  • Activated WBCs release cytokines that stimulate the production of more WBCs
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29
Q

How are RBCs produced?

A
  • Decreased oxygen levels trigger the release of erythropoietin form the kidneys, stimulating RBC [production
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30
Q

How are platelets produced?

A
  • Thrombopoietin released form the kidneys and liver stimulate platelet production
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31
Q

What sample medium do we need to run a haematology test?

A
  • EDTA (red/pink blood tube)
  • Blood smear
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32
Q

What are the common components of a haematology analyser?

A
  • RBCC
  • PCV/Haematocrit
  • MCV
  • MCHC
  • Reticulocyte count
  • Platelet count (PLT)
  • Plateletcrit (PCT)
  • WBCC
  • Differential % and absolute count of neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, basophil and monocytes
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33
Q

How does a haematology analyser work?

A
  • Individual cells are passed through the analyser
  • Analyser detects their size and granularity and this allows it to decide what type of cell is is and the number of these in the volume of blood
34
Q

What is the RBC morphology?

A
  • Biconcave disk
  • Appears like a doughnut on microscopy
35
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A
  • Erythrocyte maturation
36
Q

What do very young erythrocytes look like?

A
  • Large cells
  • Have a nucleus
  • No haemoglobin
37
Q

What do young erythrocytes look like?

A
  • Small
  • Haemoglobin
  • Nucleus shrinks
  • Nuclear remnant extruded
38
Q

What do reticulocyte look like?

A
  • No nucleus
  • Fine RNA threads in cytoplasm
  • These enter blood circulation at this stage
39
Q

What do mature erythrocytes look like?

A
  • Small cells
  • No nucleus
  • Much haemoglobin
40
Q

What is the lifespan of a erythrocyte?

A
  • 110 days in a dog
  • 70 days in a cat
41
Q

How long do reticulocytes take to mature in the blood?

A
  • 24 hours
42
Q
A
43
Q

How are damaged, old or diseased RBCs removed from the blood?

A
  • Removed by the spleen or liver
  • Haem of haemoglobin broken into bilirubin (yellow colour) and iron
  • Bilirubin is removed by bile ducts into the gall bladder and then the duodenum
  • Iron of haemoglobin is recycled into blood
44
Q

What does HCT mean?

A
  • Packed cell volume (PCV)
45
Q

What does MCV mean?

A
  • Mean corpuscular volume
46
Q

What does MCHC mean?

A
  • Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
47
Q

What does PCV tell us about the assessment of erythrocytes?

A
  • Estimate RBC count
48
Q

What does blood smears tell us about the assessment of erythrocytes?

A
  • Morphology
49
Q

What is PCV?

A
  • The % of blood volume, made up of RBCs
50
Q

How is a PCV carried out?

A
  • Fill a capillary tube with blood, centrifuge to make RBC settle at the bottom
  • Analysers measure haemocrit
  • By measuring the % volume of red blood cells, can estimate the number in circulation
51
Q

What are erythrocytes assessed on from a bloods smear?

A
  • Size (MCV)
  • Variation in size between cells (RDW)
  • Shape
  • Inclusions
  • Agglutination
52
Q

What should a normal blood smear look like?

A
  • Most cells should be mature erythrocytes
  • Some reticulocytes
53
Q

What happens if there is a low RBCC in circulation?

A
  • Tissues don’t receive enough O2 and CO2, so become hypoxic and this can cause anaemia
54
Q

What happens if there is a high RBCC in circulation?

A
  • RBCs cells are quire large, so increased numbers can cause blood to become more viscous, which limits blood flow
55
Q

What is anaemia?

A
  • Reduction in number of circulation erythrocytes
56
Q

What are the clinical signs for acute anaemia?

A
  • Profound lethargy
  • Weakness
  • Tachycardia
  • Tachpnoea
57
Q

What are the clinical signs for chronic anaemia?

A
  • Appear clinically normal, as the body learns to compensate for the low oxygen levels, but low PCVs
58
Q

What is the normal PCV range in a dog?

A
  • 39-55%
59
Q

What is the normal PCV range in a cat?

A
  • 24-45%
60
Q

What are the different types of anaemia?

A
  • Regenerative
    -Non-regenerative
61
Q

What is regenerative anaemia and what does it cause?

A
  • Increased RBC loss
  • Causes haemorrhage and haemolysis
  • Reticulocytes present in blood, showing bone marrow trying to restore normal RBC numbers
62
Q

What is non-regenerative anaemia?

A
  • Decreased RBC production
  • Caused by a disorder of bone marrow and/or disorder outside bone marrow
  • None or very few reticulocytes present in blood
63
Q

What are the causes of anaemia?

A
  • Haemorrhages
  • Haemolysis
  • Lack of RBCs due to bone marrow disorder
  • Lack of RBCs due to problem outside bone marrow
64
Q

What are some disorder with the bone marrow?

A
  • Bone marrow suppression caused
    by chemotherapy and hyper-oestrogenism
  • Bone marrow disorder caused by lymphoma or FelV/FIV/parvo
65
Q

What are some problems outside the bone marrow?

A
  • Lack of erythropoietin which can cause renal disease and lack of iron
66
Q

What is haemolysis?

A
  • The premature destruction of RBCs
  • Usually RBCs phagocytosed in liver and spleen
    -Occasionally RBCs burst in circulation due to antibodies
  • Can also be caused by poor venepuncture technique (suction, needle size and syringe size)
67
Q

How is anaemia diagnosed?

A
  • Pale MM and low PCV = No increase reticulocytes and a increase in reticulocytes
  • If there are reticulocytes, may be RBC loss or destruction, which can cause bleeding and jaundice
  • if no reticulocytes, may be bone marrow disorder or lack of erythropoietin, which can cause decrease in WBC and platelets, PUPD, lethargy and anorexia
68
Q

How is a haemorrhage diagnosed?

A
  • Cells vary in size, an increase in MCV= more reticulocytes
  • Cells vary in colour, decrease in MCHC= more reticulocytes
  • May be inclusions
  • May be obvious blood loss
69
Q

How is haemolysis diagnosed?

A
  • Cells vary in size, an increase in MCV= more reticulocytes
  • Cells vary in colour, decrease in MCHC= more reticulocytes
  • May be inclusions
  • Can cause jaundice
70
Q

How can anaemia be investigated via a blood sample?

A
  • PCV (degree of anaemia)
  • Blood smear (Presence of reticulocytes)
  • Analyser (confirmation of RBCC)
71
Q

What is erythrocytosis?

A
  • High concentration of RBCs
72
Q

What are the clinical signs of erythrocytosis?

A
  • Red MMs
  • Lethargy
  • Depressed
  • Neurological signs
73
Q

What are the different types of erythrocytosis?

A
  • Relative (water losses/dehydration or splenic contraction)
  • Absolute (primary and secondary types)
74
Q

What causes relative erythrocytosis?

A
  • Dehydration artificially raises PCV and plasma proteins are more concentrated
  • Stress/excitement due to splenic contraction
75
Q

What causes absolute erythrocytosis?

A
  • Primary: Neoplasia in kidney or bone marrow and abnormal cell production
  • Secondary: Hypoxaemia due to cardiac, respiratory or kidney disease, and excess hormones
76
Q

How is erythrocytosis diagnosed?

A
  • Both relative and absolute present
  • Increased PCV (important to measure TP in addition to PCV with refractometer)
77
Q

What does a low PCV and a normal TP mean?

A
  • Anaemia
78
Q

What does a high PCV and a normal TP mean?

A
  • Erythrocytosis
79
Q

What does a high PCV and a high TP mean?

A
  • Dehydrated
80
Q

What does a low PCV and a low TP mean?

A
  • Over dehydrated

Laboratory Diagnostics (11 decks)

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