Urbanization and City Life Flashcards
To be on a tight budget
مشکل بودجه داشتن
When the government is on a tight budget, the homeless population becomes large.
Because of the general economic climate, many people were on a tight budget.
Economic climate
در حالت رسمی تر به جای economic conditions به معنی شرایط اقتصادی به کار ببرید
The private sector
The private sector releases the government from the burden of funding large-sized construction programs.
Pay increases in the private sector
افزایش های حقوق در بخش خصوصی
At the mercy of somebody/something
تحت کنترل چیزی بودن و از خود کنترل نداشتن
The housing industry should be at the mercy of the market, rather than the government.
صنعت ساختمان سازی باید تحت کنترل بازار باشد نه دولت
After the boat’s motor failed, they were at the mercy of the weather.
پس از خرابی موتور قایق آنها تحت کنترل هوا بودند.
Cityscape
ظاهر شهر
When the state controls over the housing market, residential constructions would be built in a similar pattern and the cityscape would be monotonous.
At night the cityscape is stunning.
به جای government میتوانید برای تنوع از state هم استفاده کنید.
Housing
مسکن
In addressing homelessness and inadequate housing, the joint effort of both government and private sector is required.
A scheme to provide affordable housing for local people
طرحی برای فراهم کردن مسکن ارزان قیمت برای مردم محلی
The housing/property market
بازار مسکن
Government assistance in property market is essential for low-income families and vulnerable individuals in need of housing.
Investors in the property market are worried about rising inflation.
Pedestrian precinct
منطقه عابرین پیاده
Most cities now have pedestrian precincts and cars have been temporarily banned from the center to reduce pollution.
I think they should make the whole area a pedestrian precinct.
Prohibit somebody from doing something
They are prohibited from revealing details about the candidates.
Pollution from car exhausts is the most important reason for prohibiting private motor vehicles from entering the city center.
Ban somebody from doing something
Banned
Banning
Cars should be banned from city centers to reduce the noise pollution from traffic, which forces people to keep their windows permanently closed.
Fumes
دود
Beautiful buildings are spoilt by car parks and pretty streets become unpleasant due to the permanent traffic congestion and exhaust fumes.
Some scientists are concerned about long-term exposure to car exhaust fumes.
همیشه به صورت جمع می آید
Measure
راهکار
Measures should be taken to reduce the amount of noise in our daily lives.
Measures are being taken to reduce crime in the city.
(Take measure)
Residential area
Local authorities ought to consider imposing strict speed limits in residential areas.
The museum is about 6 blocks from downtown in a quiet residential area.
Zone
If you enter the traffic zone, you have to pay the standard charge.
San Francisco and Tokyo are both located in earthquake zones.
Scheme
The congestion scheme is policed by cameras which photograph all cars entering the area.
The money will be used for teacher training schemes.
Upgrade
Some of the money from congestion charging scheme is used to upgrade public transport.
The hotel has recently been refurbished and upgraded.
Public transport
Because of reductions in the number of private vehicles on our roads, public transport are providing a quicker, more efficient service that they did in the past.
Affordable
Long-distance train services should be made attractive and affordable alternatives to driving your own car for long journeys.
Providing affordable public transportation
Gridlock
راهبندان
Only better public transport can save the city centers from the threat of gridlock.
The average commuter spends the equivalent of 3.5 days in gridlock every year.
Trigger
دلیل یا عامل
The growing trend of cities is considered as a trigger for numerous urban problems
Inner city
مرکز فقیر و قدیمی شهر
The room in the inner city is so limited that it fails to provide enough housing to accommodate an ever-growing population.
The problems of our inner cities
Infrastructure
Another problem that has intensified in the inner city is infrastructure shortage.
Some countries lack a suitable economic infrastructure
A $65 billion investment package in education, health care and infrastructure
Amenities
امکانات یک مکان
Lack of amenities, such as water and electricity supply and sewage treatment has left no choice to urban dwellers but to resettle in the suburbs.
Houses that lack basic amenities
Something leaves no choice to someone but to
چیزی کسی را مجبور به کاری کردن
Dwellers
City/urban/town/cave dwellers
Outskirts
حومه شهر
It is possibly the main reason why the real estate market has its focus now on the outskirts of the city.
They live on the outskirts of Paris.
همیشه به صورت جمع به کار می رود و حرف اضافه آن on است.
Ubiquitous
The affordability and ubiquity of cars has made transport a less serious concern for those living in suburbs.
Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days.
With ease
به راحتی
People can commute daily between the place of work and the place of residence with ease.
Randy learns new languages with ease.
Expansion
The expansion cities will make a marked impact on the society in several dimension.
The rapid expansion of cities can cause social and economic problems.
The volume of traffic
We believe that the plans will increase the volume of traffic.
The high traffic volume between suburbs and urban areas would cause severe air pollution and reduce the lands suitable for farming.
Sprawl
ساختمان های بی نظم
Urban sprawl requires large developments, causing areas to lose some of their unique qualities.
بی نظمی ساخت و سازهای شهری نیازمند توسعه بزرگی است….
We drove through miles of urban sprawl before we finally got out into the countryside.
Relocate
A lot of firms are relocating to the North of England.
From the economic perspective, the relocation of a high population in suburbs will pose adverse impacts for the local government.
برای جمعیت زیاد از high population استفاده کنید.
Pose a problem/difficulty/challenge to someone
Overstaffed
Clinics and schools are severely understaffed in rural areas, compared with their overstaffed counterparts in the city.
The company has a big, overstaffed personnel department.
Imbalance
The imbalance of resource and staff has chronic effects on the well-being of rural people.
The government must redress the imbalance in spending on urban and rural facilities.
دولت باید عدم تعادل در پول خرج شده بر روی امکانات شهری و روستایی را متعادل کند.
Disadvantaged
محروم
Disadvantaged areas of the city
Lack of education or medication has made rural people among the most disadvantaged in a country.
Health programs for the disadvantaged
عبارت the disadvantaged اسم جمع است
In the race of/for
دررقابت برای رسیدن به
Opportunities are scarce in the city, where numerous candidates are in the race for a single position.
He is no longer in the race for academic awards.
Satisfying
It is not ethical to stop the desire of individuals for a more satisfying quality of life.
A deeply satisfying feeling
Satisfying
Satisfactory
دو صفت satisfactory -رضایت بخش برای انتخاب- و satisfying -رضایت بخش و شادی آور- را از هم تمییز دهید.
There’s something very satisfying about baking your own bread.
The service in the hotel was not at all satisfactory.
Address a problem/question/issue/need
Our products address the needs of real users.
Working in rural areas has many issues to address, working conditions, transport and housing.
