Urbanization and City Life

Question 1

To be on a tight budget

Answer 1

مشکل بودجه داشتن

When the government is on a tight budget, the homeless population becomes large.

Because of the general economic climate, many people were on a tight budget.

Question 2

Economic climate

Answer 2

در حالت رسمی تر به جای economic conditions به معنی شرایط اقتصادی به کار ببرید

Question 3

The private sector

Answer 3

The private sector releases the government from the burden of funding large-sized construction programs.

Pay increases in the private sector
افزایش های حقوق در بخش خصوصی

Question 4

At the mercy of somebody/something

Answer 4

تحت کنترل چیزی بودن و از خود کنترل نداشتن

The housing industry should be at the mercy of the market, rather than the government.
صنعت ساختمان سازی باید تحت کنترل بازار باشد نه دولت

After the boat’s motor failed, they were at the mercy of the weather.
پس از خرابی موتور قایق آنها تحت کنترل هوا بودند.

Question 5

Cityscape

Answer 5

ظاهر شهر

When the state controls over the housing market, residential constructions would be built in a similar pattern and the cityscape would be monotonous.

At night the cityscape is stunning.

به جای government میتوانید برای تنوع از state هم استفاده کنید.

Question 6

Housing

Answer 6

مسکن
In addressing homelessness and inadequate housing, the joint effort of both government and private sector is required.

A scheme to provide affordable housing for local people
طرحی برای فراهم کردن مسکن ارزان قیمت برای مردم محلی

Question 7

The housing/property market

Answer 7

بازار مسکن

Government assistance in property market is essential for low-income families and vulnerable individuals in need of housing.

Investors in the property market are worried about rising inflation.

Question 8

Pedestrian precinct

Answer 8

منطقه عابرین پیاده
Most cities now have pedestrian precincts and cars have been temporarily banned from the center to reduce pollution.

I think they should make the whole area a pedestrian precinct.

Question 9

Prohibit somebody from doing something

Answer 9

They are prohibited from revealing details about the candidates.

Pollution from car exhausts is the most important reason for prohibiting private motor vehicles from entering the city center.

Question 10

Ban somebody from doing something
Banned
Banning

Answer 10

Cars should be banned from city centers to reduce the noise pollution from traffic, which forces people to keep their windows permanently closed.

Question 11

Fumes

Answer 11

دود
Beautiful buildings are spoilt by car parks and pretty streets become unpleasant due to the permanent traffic congestion and exhaust fumes.

Some scientists are concerned about long-term exposure to car exhaust fumes.

همیشه به صورت جمع می آید

Question 12

Measure

Answer 12

راهکار
Measures should be taken to reduce the amount of noise in our daily lives.

Measures are being taken to reduce crime in the city.

(Take measure)

Question 13

Residential area

Answer 13

Local authorities ought to consider imposing strict speed limits in residential areas.

The museum is about 6 blocks from downtown in a quiet residential area.

Question 14

Zone

Answer 14

If you enter the traffic zone, you have to pay the standard charge.

San Francisco and Tokyo are both located in earthquake zones.

Question 15

Scheme

Answer 15

The congestion scheme is policed by cameras which photograph all cars entering the area.

The money will be used for teacher training schemes.

Question 16

Upgrade

Answer 16

Some of the money from congestion charging scheme is used to upgrade public transport.

The hotel has recently been refurbished and upgraded.

Question 17

Public transport

Answer 17

Because of reductions in the number of private vehicles on our roads, public transport are providing a quicker, more efficient service that they did in the past.

Question 18

Affordable

Answer 18

Long-distance train services should be made attractive and affordable alternatives to driving your own car for long journeys.

Providing affordable public transportation

Question 19

Gridlock

Answer 19

راهبندان

Only better public transport can save the city centers from the threat of gridlock.

The average commuter spends the equivalent of 3.5 days in gridlock every year.

Question 20

Trigger

Answer 20

دلیل یا عامل

The growing trend of cities is considered as a trigger for numerous urban problems

Question 21

Inner city

Answer 21

مرکز فقیر و قدیمی شهر

The room in the inner city is so limited that it fails to provide enough housing to accommodate an ever-growing population.

The problems of our inner cities

Question 22

Infrastructure

Answer 22

Another problem that has intensified in the inner city is infrastructure shortage.

Some countries lack a suitable economic infrastructure

A $65 billion investment package in education, health care and infrastructure

Question 23

Amenities

Answer 23

امکانات یک مکان

Lack of amenities, such as water and electricity supply and sewage treatment has left no choice to urban dwellers but to resettle in the suburbs.

Houses that lack basic amenities

Question 24

Something leaves no choice to someone but to

Answer 24

چیزی کسی را مجبور به کاری کردن

Question 25

Dwellers

Answer 25

City/urban/town/cave dwellers

Question 26

Outskirts

Answer 26

حومه شهر

It is possibly the main reason why the real estate market has its focus now on the outskirts of the city.

They live on the outskirts of Paris.

همیشه به صورت جمع به کار می رود و حرف اضافه آن on است.

Question 27

Ubiquitous

Answer 27

The affordability and ubiquity of cars has made transport a less serious concern for those living in suburbs.

Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days.

Question 28

With ease

Answer 28

به راحتی
People can commute daily between the place of work and the place of residence with ease.

Randy learns new languages with ease.

Question 29

Expansion

Answer 29

The expansion cities will make a marked impact on the society in several dimension.

The rapid expansion of cities can cause social and economic problems.

Question 30

The volume of traffic

Answer 30

We believe that the plans will increase the volume of traffic.

The high traffic volume between suburbs and urban areas would cause severe air pollution and reduce the lands suitable for farming.

Question 31

Sprawl

Answer 31

ساختمان های بی نظم
Urban sprawl requires large developments, causing areas to lose some of their unique qualities.
بی نظمی ساخت و سازهای شهری نیازمند توسعه بزرگی است….

We drove through miles of urban sprawl before we finally got out into the countryside.

Question 32

Relocate

Answer 32

A lot of firms are relocating to the North of England.

From the economic perspective, the relocation of a high population in suburbs will pose adverse impacts for the local government.

برای جمعیت زیاد از high population استفاده کنید.

Pose a problem/difficulty/challenge to someone

Question 33

Overstaffed

Answer 33

Clinics and schools are severely understaffed in rural areas, compared with their overstaffed counterparts in the city.

The company has a big, overstaffed personnel department.

Question 34

Imbalance

Answer 34

The imbalance of resource and staff has chronic effects on the well-being of rural people.

The government must redress the imbalance in spending on urban and rural facilities.
دولت باید عدم تعادل در پول خرج شده بر روی امکانات شهری و روستایی را متعادل کند.

Question 35

Disadvantaged

Answer 35

محروم

Disadvantaged areas of the city

Lack of education or medication has made rural people among the most disadvantaged in a country.

Health programs for the disadvantaged

عبارت the disadvantaged اسم جمع است

Question 36

In the race of/for

Answer 36

دررقابت برای رسیدن به
Opportunities are scarce in the city, where numerous candidates are in the race for a single position.

He is no longer in the race for academic awards.

Question 37

Satisfying

Answer 37

It is not ethical to stop the desire of individuals for a more satisfying quality of life.

A deeply satisfying feeling

Question 38

Satisfying

Satisfactory

Answer 38

دو صفت satisfactory -رضایت بخش برای انتخاب- و satisfying -رضایت بخش و شادی آور- را از هم تمییز دهید.

There’s something very satisfying about baking your own bread.

The service in the hotel was not at all satisfactory.

Question 39

Address a problem/question/issue/need

Answer 39

Our products address the needs of real users.

Working in rural areas has many issues to address, working conditions, transport and housing.