Urbanisation

Question 1

Why are some urban areas growing?

Answer 1

1. Natural Increase
2. International + Domestic Migration
3. Rural to Urban Migration

Question 2

Why is natural increase causing urbanisation in the developed world?

Answer 2

Cities like London + New York are still growing due to younger populations as less people die than are born

Question 3

What is the impact of re-urbanisation in the developed world?

Answer 3

People aged 25-45 are returning to city centres to be close to amenities + elderly for health care and social amenities

Question 4

Why is natural increase causing urbanisation in the developing world?

Answer 4

Youthful populations as people who move there are of child bearing age and they then have their own children

Question 5

Rural to Urban Migration in the UK?

Answer 5

London is a hub and so attracts people from other areas of the UK who may be looking for work. It’s also well known with lots of history

Question 6

Rural to Urban Migration in India?

Answer 6

Often young people (especially men) move from rural areas such as Bihar to urban areas like Mumbai to look for work

Question 7

Technohubs?

Answer 7

Technohubs such as Bangalore may be globally recognised + can attract people from across the world

Question 8

What is counter-urbanisation?

Answer 8

Due to some people in the cities of the developed world becoming more wealthy + leaving the city behind to move to rural areas

Question 9

What are push factors for Rural to Urban Migration in LEDCs?

Answer 9

• Few employment oppurtunities
• Lack of education
• Lack of healthcare
• Lack of infrastructure
• Disease / Famine

Question 10

What are pull factors for Rural to Urban Migration in LEDCs?

Answer 10

• More employment opportunities
• More education opportunities
• More accessible healthcare + services

Question 11

What are the challenges caused by rapid city growth?

Answer 11

• Energy + water security
• Strain on resources + services
• Lack of affordable housing
• Lack of formal employment
• Spread of disease
• High levels of pollution

Question 12

What are shanty towns / squatter settlements?

Answer 12

Areas of informal housing generally found on the outskirts of developing cities as increasing numbers of people move there from rural areas

Question 13

What are the houses made of in shanty towns?

Answer 13

Whatever they can find - from corrugated iron to cardboard

Question 14

Where are the Kibera slums?

Answer 14

On the outskirts of Nairobi in Kenya

Question 15

How many AIDS orphans are there in the Kibera slums?

Answer 15

50,000 AIDS orphans

Question 16

How many people live in the Kibera slums?

Answer 16

700,000

Question 17

How big are the Kibera slums?

Answer 17

630 acres

Question 18

How many girls are pregnant at any one time?

Answer 18

50% of females between 16 and 25 years of age are pregnant at any one time

Question 19

What is the life expectancy of those living in the Kibera slums?

Answer 19

30 years, compared to 50 years in the rest of Kenya

Question 20

What are waste challenges faced by London?

Answer 20

20 million tonnes of waste produced each year
May still be in landfill 20 years later
Some of this waste leaks out + contaminates water supplies

Question 21

What are water challenges faced by London?

Answer 21

• Water consumption far greater than supply
• Leading to overabstraction of groundwater
• 866 billion litres of tap water a year
• 94 million litres bottled water a year

Question 22

What are pollution challenges faced by London?

Answer 22

Road traffic contributes 22% London’s CO2 output
Huge amount of congestion
Slow moving vehicles release more pollutants

Question 23

Name a sustainable city

Answer 23

Copenhagen

Question 24

How much money is saved by cycling?

Answer 24

230,000 health expenses saved by cycling each year

Question 25

How many people living + working in Copenhagen ride their bikes to work everyday?

Answer 25

50%

Question 26

What are Greenways in Copenhagen?

Answer 26

Green cycle route made to provide routes away from main roads and though parks + recreation spaces

Question 27

How much distance do Greenways cover?

Answer 27

43km

Question 28

What is the green light system on Greenways?

Answer 28

Bikes travelling at 20km/h get priority so they can travel non-stop

Question 29

What effect did the flat fee for entering central Singapore have on traffic?

Answer 29

There was a 45% reduction in vehicle traffic

Question 30

What is the Favella Barrio Project (self-help housing)?

Answer 30

• local authority provide building materials
• residents provide labour + so gain skills for employment
• money saved spent on electricity + water

Question 31

What are site + service schemes?

Answer 31

• government provides site + basic amenities
• resident given right of ownership
• expected to complete project at own expense

Question 32

How has the Teleferico de Alemas cable car system had a positive impact?

Answer 32

In operation since 2012, it is a cable car system travelling between 6 stations across favella. It has;

• improved quality of life + increase tourism
• improved perception of favellas

Question 33

How has the Brazilian government helped increase health + services?

Answer 33

The National Family Allowance provides low-income families with cash as long as mothers attend pre-natal care + children attend school