Population Dynamics Flashcards
What is Birth Rate?
The number of babies born alive for every 1000 people in 1 year
What is Death Rate?
The number of people who die for every 1000 people in 1 year
What is Natural Increase?
The number of people added to, or lost from the population for every 1000 people in 1 year
How do you work out Natural Increase?
natural increase = birth rate - death rate
Name a country where the population is balanced
Poland
What is the Birth Rate in Poland?
9.99 per 1000
What is the Death Rate in Poland?
10.01 per 1000
What is the Natural Increase in Poland?
-0.02 per 1000
Name a country where the population is increasing
Yemen
What is the Birth Rate in Yemen?
40 per 1000
What is the Death Rate in Yemen?
8 per 1000
What is the Natural Increase in Yemen?
32 per 1000
Name a country where the population is decreasing
Japan
What is the Birth Rate in Japan?
7 per 1000
What is the Death Rate in Japan?
9 per 1000
What is the Natural Increase in Japan?
-2 per 1000
What can Birth and Death Rates be affected by?
- levels of development of a country
- religious views of people in a country
- policies of the government
What is Gross National Income (GNI)?
The average amount of money earned by a country in one year, divided by all the people who live there
Russia is a Middle Income Country. What is its total population?
143 million
What is the Birth Rate in Russia?
10 per 1000
What is the Death Rate in Russia?
16 per 1000
What is the Natural Increase in Russia?
-6 per 1000
Yemen is a Low Income Country. What is its total population?
21 million
What is Yemen’s total population predicted to be by 2057?
105 million
What is Russia’s total population predicted to be by 2057?
104 million
Why will Russia’s population decline?
- Falling life expectancy for men (60 years) caused by industrial disease and alcoholism
- Outward migration of young men and women
- A low fertility rate of 1.2 children per woman
Why will Yemen’s population increase?
- Early age of marriage: 48% of women are married by 18
- Low literacy rates among women: as girls marry early they rarely complete secondary school
- High fertility rate of 6.7 children per woman
- Increasing life expectancy due to improved child vaccinaions
What is Fertility Rate?
The average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime
What is Replacement Level?
The average number of children required to be born to ensure the population remains stable - it is 2.1
What is the average male life expectancy in Japan?
79
What is the average female life expectancy in Japan?
85
Why is the average life expectancy so high in Japan?
Due to a healthy diet and good quality of life
How many doctors are there in Japan?
210 doctors for every 100,000 people (compared to 190 in the UK)
Has the birth rate been increasing or decreasing in Japan since 1975?
Decreasing - women are getting married and having children much later
What does a decreasing population mean for the COST OF PENSIONS in Japan?
An increase in the cost of pensions. With falling birth rate, there will be fewer workers in the economy, so higher taxes needed to fund these pensions
What does an ageing population mean for NURSING HOMES in Japan?
Rising number of elderly people living in nursing homes. Since 2000 everyone over 40 has had to contribute £20 a month to pay for care for the elderly
What does and ageing population mean for the COST OF HEALTHCARE in Japan?
An increase in the cost of healthcare, as more elderly people require medical treatment
Why does Mexico have a youthful population?
- low death rate (4.8) as more childhood vaccinations and an increase in doctors
- average age is 26
- under 15’s make up 31% of the population
What are the effects of Mexico’s youthful population?
- requires increase in school places
- young people unable to find work, so some migrate to USA in order to find employment
- growing manufacturing industry -> Mexico’s economy predicted to overtake the UK’s by 2050
- Abortion has been legalised in some areas to reduce abandoned children (despite being strongly Catholic)
What does pro-natalist mean?
Includes incentives such as financial payments to encourage people to have more children
What does anti-natalist mean?
Policies to encourage people to have fewer children, for example by only providing free state education for the first child in a family
Name a country with an Anti-Natalist population policy
Iran
How does Iran’s anti-natalist policy work?
- women encouraged to wait 3-4 years between pregnancies and not to have children before 18 or after 35 years old
- families limited to 3 children
- birth control, condoms, pills + sterilisation is FREE
- religious leaders encouraged family planning as social responsibility
Name a country with a Pro-Natalist policy?
Estonia
Why were Estonians having fewer children?
- Poverty on increase
- Unsure about job prospects
- Lack of childcare facilities
- More women following ‘single’ lifestyles
- Many young people migrating overseas
How does Estonia’s pro-natalist policy work?
- Women are paid to have children ‘Mother’s Salary’
- Working women receive 15 months fully paid maternity leave and non-working women receive $200 a month
How many illegal immigrants live in the USA?
An estimated 12 million, of which 57% are from Mexico, 24% from Latin America and 19% from other countries
What are the advantages of immigration for USA?
- Add more than $30 billion to US economy
- Fill unskilled, low paid jobs
- 40% US PhD scientists born abroad
- Contribute $80,000 more tax revenue than US-borns
- Immigrants more likely to start up businesses
What are the disadvantages of immigration for USA?
- Wages are forced down
- Health + welfare systems are strained
- Immigrants often do not integrate into society
