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Geography > Population Dynamics > Flashcards

Population Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Birth Rate?

A

The number of babies born alive for every 1000 people in 1 year

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2
Q

What is Death Rate?

A

The number of people who die for every 1000 people in 1 year

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3
Q

What is Natural Increase?

A

The number of people added to, or lost from the population for every 1000 people in 1 year

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4
Q

How do you work out Natural Increase?

A

natural increase = birth rate - death rate

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5
Q

Name a country where the population is balanced

A

Poland

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6
Q

What is the Birth Rate in Poland?

A

9.99 per 1000

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7
Q

What is the Death Rate in Poland?

A

10.01 per 1000

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8
Q

What is the Natural Increase in Poland?

A

-0.02 per 1000

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9
Q

Name a country where the population is increasing

A

Yemen

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10
Q

What is the Birth Rate in Yemen?

A

40 per 1000

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11
Q

What is the Death Rate in Yemen?

A

8 per 1000

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12
Q

What is the Natural Increase in Yemen?

A

32 per 1000

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13
Q

Name a country where the population is decreasing

A

Japan

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14
Q

What is the Birth Rate in Japan?

A

7 per 1000

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15
Q

What is the Death Rate in Japan?

A

9 per 1000

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16
Q

What is the Natural Increase in Japan?

A

-2 per 1000

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17
Q

What can Birth and Death Rates be affected by?

A
  • levels of development of a country
  • religious views of people in a country
  • policies of the government
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18
Q

What is Gross National Income (GNI)?

A

The average amount of money earned by a country in one year, divided by all the people who live there

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19
Q

Russia is a Middle Income Country. What is its total population?

A

143 million

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20
Q

What is the Birth Rate in Russia?

A

10 per 1000

21
Q

What is the Death Rate in Russia?

A

16 per 1000

22
Q

What is the Natural Increase in Russia?

A

-6 per 1000

23
Q

Yemen is a Low Income Country. What is its total population?

A

21 million

24
Q

What is Yemen’s total population predicted to be by 2057?

A

105 million

25
Q

What is Russia’s total population predicted to be by 2057?

A

104 million

26
Q

Why will Russia’s population decline?

A
  • Falling life expectancy for men (60 years) caused by industrial disease and alcoholism
  • Outward migration of young men and women
  • A low fertility rate of 1.2 children per woman
27
Q

Why will Yemen’s population increase?

A
  • Early age of marriage: 48% of women are married by 18
  • Low literacy rates among women: as girls marry early they rarely complete secondary school
  • High fertility rate of 6.7 children per woman
  • Increasing life expectancy due to improved child vaccinaions
28
Q

What is Fertility Rate?

A

The average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime

29
Q

What is Replacement Level?

A

The average number of children required to be born to ensure the population remains stable - it is 2.1

30
Q

What is the average male life expectancy in Japan?

A

79

31
Q

What is the average female life expectancy in Japan?

A

85

32
Q

Why is the average life expectancy so high in Japan?

A

Due to a healthy diet and good quality of life

33
Q

How many doctors are there in Japan?

A

210 doctors for every 100,000 people (compared to 190 in the UK)

34
Q

Has the birth rate been increasing or decreasing in Japan since 1975?

A

Decreasing - women are getting married and having children much later

35
Q

What does a decreasing population mean for the COST OF PENSIONS in Japan?

A

An increase in the cost of pensions. With falling birth rate, there will be fewer workers in the economy, so higher taxes needed to fund these pensions

36
Q

What does an ageing population mean for NURSING HOMES in Japan?

A

Rising number of elderly people living in nursing homes. Since 2000 everyone over 40 has had to contribute £20 a month to pay for care for the elderly

37
Q

What does and ageing population mean for the COST OF HEALTHCARE in Japan?

A

An increase in the cost of healthcare, as more elderly people require medical treatment

38
Q

Why does Mexico have a youthful population?

A
  • low death rate (4.8) as more childhood vaccinations and an increase in doctors
  • average age is 26
  • under 15’s make up 31% of the population
39
Q

What are the effects of Mexico’s youthful population?

A
  • requires increase in school places
  • young people unable to find work, so some migrate to USA in order to find employment
  • growing manufacturing industry -> Mexico’s economy predicted to overtake the UK’s by 2050
  • Abortion has been legalised in some areas to reduce abandoned children (despite being strongly Catholic)
40
Q

What does pro-natalist mean?

A

Includes incentives such as financial payments to encourage people to have more children

41
Q

What does anti-natalist mean?

A

Policies to encourage people to have fewer children, for example by only providing free state education for the first child in a family

42
Q

Name a country with an Anti-Natalist population policy

A

Iran

43
Q

How does Iran’s anti-natalist policy work?

A
  • women encouraged to wait 3-4 years between pregnancies and not to have children before 18 or after 35 years old
  • families limited to 3 children
  • birth control, condoms, pills + sterilisation is FREE
  • religious leaders encouraged family planning as social responsibility
44
Q

Name a country with a Pro-Natalist policy?

A

Estonia

45
Q

Why were Estonians having fewer children?

A
  • Poverty on increase
  • Unsure about job prospects
  • Lack of childcare facilities
  • More women following ‘single’ lifestyles
  • Many young people migrating overseas
46
Q

How does Estonia’s pro-natalist policy work?

A
  • Women are paid to have children ‘Mother’s Salary’

- Working women receive 15 months fully paid maternity leave and non-working women receive $200 a month

47
Q

How many illegal immigrants live in the USA?

A

An estimated 12 million, of which 57% are from Mexico, 24% from Latin America and 19% from other countries

48
Q

What are the advantages of immigration for USA?

A
  • Add more than $30 billion to US economy
  • Fill unskilled, low paid jobs
  • 40% US PhD scientists born abroad
  • Contribute $80,000 more tax revenue than US-borns
  • Immigrants more likely to start up businesses
49
Q

What are the disadvantages of immigration for USA?

A
  • Wages are forced down
  • Health + welfare systems are strained
  • Immigrants often do not integrate into society

Geography (10 decks)

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