The Changing Economy of the UK Flashcards
How has employment in coal mining changed between 1960 and 2012?
It fell from 600,000 miners to only 6,000
Why did the coal mining sector decrease?
As UK mines became deeper, they became too costly to safely maintain. Cheaper imported coal from Russia + USA
What does the Clark Fisher Model Show?
Employment over time in different countries at different stages
Why have primary + secondary sectors decreased in UK?
- Less land available for farming
- More highly qualified work force
- Better trade routes so cheaper manufacture elsewhere
What is industrialisation?
The change from the pre-industrial to industrial stages of the model, involving a growth in the secondary sector
Name an example of a Newly Industrialised Country
Mexico - it has a large + highly skilled workforce
Why have many Mexican farmers been made redundant?
Farming in Mexico has recently been modernised
Increase outsourcing of resources
What proportion of Mexico’s population is employed in primary work?
15% of the population is employed in primary work, although it only generates 4% of the countries income
What has caused deindustrialisation is some countries?
Competition from countries that can produce manufactured goods at cheaper prices
Automatic machinery reduces number of workers
Reduced demand for traditional products
Give an example of a country where deindustrialisation has taken place
The UK has focused on the tertiary + quaternary sectors and has relied on LEDCs to provide the manufactured goods they need
Why are there more part time workers now than in the past?
- More women in workforce, but parents still need to look after their kids
- More freedom with jobs + part time work
How have the roles for working women changed?
- More likely to do higher earning jobs than in the past
- Encouraged to apply for top-level jobs
- Have the same rights as men (although still may encounter prejudice within the workplace)
How have average wages changed?
- Risen as availability of high earning jobs has increased
- Not grown as much as cost of living
- Globalisation has helped people who earn less
What are the main economic sectors in NE England?
Coalmining
Steel
Shipbuilding
Chemicals
What is secondary, tertiary + quaternary employment like in North East England?
Tyneside become important centre for economic research
Nissan car factory opened in 1986 + now employs over 4000 people
What are the economic sectors in SE England?
Health
Education
Transport
Finance
Why is South East England more economically advanced?
- Focus of UK’s motorway + rail networks
- 4 major airports
- Important ports (e.g. Southampton)
- Close to power + decision making in London
- Easy access to rest of EU via channel tunnel
- Large skilled local labour force
What is the Economic Cycle of Decline?
- Market declines
- Industries close
- People lose jobs
- Less money to spend in local shops / services
- Local economy declines
- No new investment
What is the Economic Cycle of Growth?
- Government help
- New industries encouraged to locate in area
- Jobs created
- More money to spend in local shops / services
- Local economy grows
- More people move to region
What is deindustrialisation?
The decline in industrial activity in a region or an economy
What are the disadvantages of deindustrialisation?
- high unemployment levels
- less money in local economy
- many empty factory buildings
- increased social issues (alcoholism etc…)
What are the advantages of deindustrialisation?
- areas of land available for development
- decline in water consumption
- reduced demand for energy
- decrease in pollution
What is redevelopment?
Development that aims to stimulate growth in areas that have experienced decline in the past
What is the regeneration of the River Clyde in Glasgow?
£3 billion development
Glasgow harbour includes casino, shopping centre, cinema + thousands of homes
