Development Dilemmas Flashcards
What is Gross Domestic Product?
GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in one year in a country. It is shown as a total, or per person (per capita) by dividing the total by the population.
What is the multiplier effect?
- People move there for jobs
- As new workers earn, they spend - creating demand for additional companies
- They also need services such as housing creating jobs
What is a core region?
Over time the multiplier effect gets greater and a whole region develops, called a core region
What is a periphery region?
Areas that do less well get left behind. These are called periphery regions
What is the cycle of poverty?
- Subsistence agriculture
- Little or no surplus farm produce
- Little or no income
- No investment in machinery or materials
What is a person’s average income in Bihar, India?
£75 per person p/a (33% of India’s average income)
What percentage of Bihar’s population live in rural areas?
86% with most working in farming
What percentage of households in Bihar live below the poverty line?
55% of households live below the poverty line
How many households in 2003 had electricity and flushing toilets in Bihar?
58.8% had electricity
12% had water-flushed toilets
What is the fertility rate in Bihar?
4.4
Where is Bihar?
India
Why do rural families need more children?
To work on the land + collect water
Why do women in Bihar struggle?
- India’s poorest literacy rates
- Poorer than men
- Rarely own land, usually working as poorly paid labourers
- Have few rights
Name 2 top-down schemes in Bihar
The Green Revolution
The Gene Revolution
What was the Green Revolution?
- Farmers provided with High Yielding Variety seeds
- New rice plants grew more quickly + produce more grain
What were the results of the Green Revolution?
- Farmers have to buy new seeds every year
- HYV seeds need irrigation water, fertilisers + pesticides
- Only larger, wealthier farmers can afford this
- Crop yields are much higher for the wealthy
What was the Gene Revolution?
Genetically Modified crops that can resist drought + disease
What are the problems with the Gene Revolution?
- GM crops are controlled by TNCs e.g. Monsanto
- Patent laws mean they own all crops grown from their seed
- Some force farmers to sign contracts to use only their chemicals or prevent them from saving seed for next year
Name a bottom-up solution in India
Biogas
Name a place in India where biogas has been used
Biogas has brought benefits to villages in Tumkur
What are the benefits of biogas in India?
- Smoke free kitchen, reduced eye + lung problems
- Women + children freed from gathering firewood so children can go to school
- 80% families use this time to earn extra income
- Some families have increase their income by 80%
How many biogas plants have been built across India?
4 million cow dung biogas plants have been built
How many jobs have been created from biogas plants?
200,000 permanent jobs have been created, mostly in rural areas
Name a top-down project in India?
The Narmada River scheme
What are the benefits of the Narmada River dam?
- Provides 3.5 billion litres drinking water a day
- Provides 1450 megawatts of power a day
- Irrigate 1.8 million hectares of farmland across India
What are the problems with the Narmada River dam?
- 234 villages drowned, forcing 320,000 people out
- Religious + historic sites flooded
- Few villages can afford energy generated
- Irrigation can increase soil salinity making it less usable
- Good quality farmland submerged
