Urbanisation Flashcards
trends of urbanisation in LICs
fastest growth
high rates of natural increase
and rural to urban migration
moving due to push and pull factors
such as many jobs and better services in urban areas
trends of urbanisation in NEEs
fast but slower than LICs
- many already live in urban areas, but still quickly increasing
movement to urban areas for jobs and better opportunities
rural to urban migration
high natural increase
trends of urbanisation in HICs
slower rates/ decreasing
urbanisation occurred during industrialisation when people moved for jobs
now people moving out of cities to escape overcrowding and pollution
HICs tend to have better transport links and internet so people can live rurally
why is urbanisation happening more in developing countries?
majority of people in developed world already live in cities
- industrialisation happened earlier
- people moved to cities for work
what is urbanisation?
growth of proportion of people living in urban areas
occurs due to
- rural-urban migration
- natural increase (birth rate higher than death)
move due to push and pull factors
impacts of urbanisation
+ skilled workers concentrated for jobs
+ service cheaper to provide
- overcrowding - insufficient services
- urban sprawl = less habitats and reduce biodiversity
- congestion = air pollution
what is suburbanisation?
migration of people from city centres to outskirts
occurs due to
- overcrowding in cities
- improved transport links
- increased car ownership
leads to segregation as wealthier people can afford to move out of centre
impacts of suburbanisation on inner city
+ less crowded
+ less pressure on services
- wealthier leave = poorer in centre
- CBD in decline as no income
- dereliction
impacts of suburbanisation on outskirts
+ positive multiplier effect, boosts area
+ wealthier move = area improved
- house prices rise, people forced out
- build on Greenfield sites, reduce biodiversity
- congestion
what is counter urbanisation?
movement of people from city centres to rural areas
occurs due to
- improved transport
- improved communications (can work from home)
- overcrowding - so quieter and less pollution
= increased house prices in rural areas, force locals/ younger people out - conflict
leaves poorer in city centre = inequalities and decline of CBD
what is urban resurgence?
movement of people back to the city centre
occurs due to
- lack of jobs in rural areas
- regeneration, higher quality housing, new shops etc
leads to new shops and services as people move back and spend more money
- boosts local economy
- may force locals out, increase house prices
impacts of urban resurgence
+ positive multiplier effect
+ new investment and regeneration
- residents forced out as prices increase
what are megacities?
urban areas with a population of over 10 million
- New York
predicted to rise to 41 by 2030
occur due to
- urbanisation
- natural increase
dominate national economies
- many companies HQs
- due to transport and supply of workers
economic growth = increased population growth
(+ multiplier attracts more people and investment)
what is a world city?
a city that has influence over the world
eg London is an alpha++ city as it is a global financial centre
leaders of finance
- many banking HQs
dominate trade and economies in the area and world
- good transport links with world
disproportionate role in economy
- 100 cities = 30% global economy
universities and centres for science and innovation
attract many people eg tourists, migrants and students
processes associated with urbanisation
ways cities develop as they urbanise
economic
social
technological
political
demographic
economic processes associated with urbanisation
attract people due to opportunities
urban population increases - business can grow and become more profitable
more jobs and higher wages
(+ multiplier)
as countries develop, subsistance replaced by commercial in primary sector
decline in these jobs drives more people to cities
social processes associated with urbanisation
cities tend to have better living standards
- better access to services such as healthcare, jobs and education
attracts people
people moving to cities increases culture and mix of people
- increases tolerance
but can lead to segregation
technological processes associated with urbanisation
due to factories, urban areas become hotspots for technological advancements
lead to areas of high tech industries
- research and development
eg silicon valley and apple
attract people due to jobs
NEEs seeing growth in factories
transport = growth of cities as people can move easier
engineering = skyscrapers can house more people in a smaller area
IT - growth in IT leads to growing cities as more jobs
political processes associated with urbanisation
urban growth leads to economic inequalities
new political movements from working class people
- focus on issues such as housing, availability of services and working conditions
demographic processes associated with urbanisation
as cities become larger and wealthier, they attract migrants globally
become more ethnically and culturally diverse
eg chinatown
young people attracted to cities due to jobs and entertainment, lowers age of urban populations
rural-urban migration
recent processes of change in developed cities
deindustrialisation
rise of service economy
decentralisation
what is deindustrialisation?
collapse of manufacturing sector (industry) in developed world
couldn’t compete with developing world - factories move abroad
- cheaper and lower environmental laws
impacts (see next)
impacts of deindustrialisation
economic
- unemployment
- loss of taxes to local economy
social
- unemployment = deprivation and poverty
- higher levels of crime
environmental
- dereliction
- pollution left from industries
what is the rise of the service economy?
increase in jobs in the service sector
eg retail and banking
(tertiary and quaternary)
responsible for majority of economic growth in HICs since deindustrialisation
- reduced unemployment
grown due to:
- population growth
- people wealthier = need more services
- technology = needs speciaised services
