Urbanisation

Question 1

trends of urbanisation in LICs

Answer 1

fastest growth

high rates of natural increase
and rural to urban migration

moving due to push and pull factors
such as many jobs and better services in urban areas

Question 2

trends of urbanisation in NEEs

Answer 2

fast but slower than LICs
- many already live in urban areas, but still quickly increasing

movement to urban areas for jobs and better opportunities
rural to urban migration

high natural increase

Question 3

trends of urbanisation in HICs

Answer 3

slower rates/ decreasing

urbanisation occurred during industrialisation when people moved for jobs

now people moving out of cities to escape overcrowding and pollution

HICs tend to have better transport links and internet so people can live rurally

Question 4

why is urbanisation happening more in developing countries?

Answer 4

majority of people in developed world already live in cities
- industrialisation happened earlier
- people moved to cities for work

Question 5

what is urbanisation?

Answer 5

growth of proportion of people living in urban areas

occurs due to
- rural-urban migration
- natural increase (birth rate higher than death)

move due to push and pull factors

Question 6

impacts of urbanisation

Answer 6

+ skilled workers concentrated for jobs
+ service cheaper to provide

• overcrowding - insufficient services
• urban sprawl = less habitats and reduce biodiversity
• congestion = air pollution

Question 7

what is suburbanisation?

Answer 7

migration of people from city centres to outskirts

occurs due to
- overcrowding in cities
- improved transport links
- increased car ownership

leads to segregation as wealthier people can afford to move out of centre

Question 8

impacts of suburbanisation on inner city

Answer 8

+ less crowded
+ less pressure on services

• wealthier leave = poorer in centre
• CBD in decline as no income
• dereliction

Question 9

impacts of suburbanisation on outskirts

Answer 9

+ positive multiplier effect, boosts area
+ wealthier move = area improved

• house prices rise, people forced out
• build on Greenfield sites, reduce biodiversity
• congestion

Question 10

what is counter urbanisation?

Answer 10

movement of people from city centres to rural areas

occurs due to
- improved transport
- improved communications (can work from home)
- overcrowding - so quieter and less pollution

= increased house prices in rural areas, force locals/ younger people out - conflict

leaves poorer in city centre = inequalities and decline of CBD

Question 11

what is urban resurgence?

Answer 11

movement of people back to the city centre

occurs due to
- lack of jobs in rural areas
- regeneration, higher quality housing, new shops etc

leads to new shops and services as people move back and spend more money
- boosts local economy
- may force locals out, increase house prices

Question 12

impacts of urban resurgence

Answer 12

+ positive multiplier effect
+ new investment and regeneration

• residents forced out as prices increase

Question 13

what are megacities?

Answer 13

urban areas with a population of over 10 million
- New York

predicted to rise to 41 by 2030

occur due to
- urbanisation
- natural increase

dominate national economies
- many companies HQs
- due to transport and supply of workers
economic growth = increased population growth

(+ multiplier attracts more people and investment)

Question 14

what is a world city?

Answer 14

a city that has influence over the world
eg London is an alpha++ city as it is a global financial centre

leaders of finance
- many banking HQs

dominate trade and economies in the area and world
- good transport links with world

disproportionate role in economy
- 100 cities = 30% global economy

universities and centres for science and innovation

attract many people eg tourists, migrants and students

Question 15

processes associated with urbanisation

Answer 15

ways cities develop as they urbanise

economic
social
technological
political
demographic

Question 16

economic processes associated with urbanisation

Answer 16

attract people due to opportunities

urban population increases - business can grow and become more profitable
more jobs and higher wages
(+ multiplier)

as countries develop, subsistance replaced by commercial in primary sector
decline in these jobs drives more people to cities

Question 17

social processes associated with urbanisation

Answer 17

cities tend to have better living standards
- better access to services such as healthcare, jobs and education
attracts people

people moving to cities increases culture and mix of people
- increases tolerance
but can lead to segregation

Question 18

technological processes associated with urbanisation

Answer 18

due to factories, urban areas become hotspots for technological advancements

lead to areas of high tech industries
- research and development
eg silicon valley and apple

attract people due to jobs
NEEs seeing growth in factories

transport = growth of cities as people can move easier
engineering = skyscrapers can house more people in a smaller area
IT - growth in IT leads to growing cities as more jobs

Question 19

political processes associated with urbanisation

Answer 19

urban growth leads to economic inequalities

new political movements from working class people
- focus on issues such as housing, availability of services and working conditions

Question 20

demographic processes associated with urbanisation

Answer 20

as cities become larger and wealthier, they attract migrants globally

become more ethnically and culturally diverse
eg chinatown

young people attracted to cities due to jobs and entertainment, lowers age of urban populations

rural-urban migration

Question 21

recent processes of change in developed cities

Answer 21

deindustrialisation
rise of service economy
decentralisation

Question 22

what is deindustrialisation?

Answer 22

collapse of manufacturing sector (industry) in developed world

couldn’t compete with developing world - factories move abroad
- cheaper and lower environmental laws

impacts (see next)

Question 23

impacts of deindustrialisation

Answer 23

economic
- unemployment
- loss of taxes to local economy

social
- unemployment = deprivation and poverty
- higher levels of crime

environmental
- dereliction
- pollution left from industries

Question 24

what is the rise of the service economy?

Answer 24

increase in jobs in the service sector
eg retail and banking
(tertiary and quaternary)

responsible for majority of economic growth in HICs since deindustrialisation
- reduced unemployment

grown due to:
- population growth
- people wealthier = need more services
- technology = needs speciaised services

Question 25

what is decentralisation?

Answer 25

relocation of buisnesses to suburbs
due to:
- high land prices in city centre
- pollution due to industry
- lack of expansion space

results in:
increase in suburban retail parks

led to decline in city centres
- dereliction
- job losses and therefore poverty