Urban Inequalities Flashcards
Economic inequality
Unequal distribution of money amongst a population
Higher in developing world (can’t afford support)
inequalities in cities
access to jobs,
healthcare,
education,
basic public services
leads to poorer health and unemployment
Issues caused by economic inequality
Political and social unrest
Rise in crime
Health issues (malnutrition)
Economic inequality in Leeds
149,000 people live in absolute poverty
Beston and Holbeck
Children in absolute poverty - 38%
- lower attendance in schools, more social issues, poor air quality
Horsforth
Children in absolute poverty - 13%
- better quality housing, green spaces, better attendance
Gap between richest and poorest widening
Economic inequality in Rio
Poorest 50% earn 13% of national income
South zone - richest
North zone - favelas
Up to 1000 favelas
20% unemployment rate
Social and economic issues in Leeds
Lack of affordable housing
- average house prices 7x higher average income
forced to rent - causes more issues
- poor quality and government slow to respond to issues
large economic inequalities
- eg between Beston and Horsforth
Horsforth has better quality housing, fewer social issues and better schools
Social and economic issues in Rio
Housing issues
10,000+ migrants a year
Favelas
1000 favelas - illegal settlements
little services - 12% no running water
Education
50% don’t continue after 14
= crime
health
40% don’t have access to health clinic
unemployment
20% in favelas
many in informal sector (no tax)
Strategies to manage economic inequality
Improve transport
Affordable housing
Minimum wages
More schools
Strategies in Leeds (eco)
Best council plan
- affordable housing
- improving transport
- supporting families and children
- tackling low pay
ASDA Middleton - trained and helped people to get jobs
Evaluation of strategies in Leeds
+ successful, improved QoL
- budget cuts makes it a challenge
- doesn’t help all people and still inequalities
Strategies in Rio (eco)
Favela Bairro Project
Improved homes and rehomed people
Included
cable car in Complexo de Alemao - allowed urban poor to access jobs (live in suburbs)
but shut down (2 hours trip to 16 minutes)
Campo Grande - 800 homes with services and safer (but far from centre)
Pacification reduced crime
Waste disposal services improved environment
7 new treatment plants to provide more people water, 2014, 95% had mains supply
Training schemes to help people get jobs - reduced unemployment
Evaluation of strategies Rio
+ successful, improved QoL
- infrastructure not maintained, eg cable car
- lack of budget to cover all favelas
- more training needed to improve education and employment
Reasons for cultural diversity in cities
Immigration
Tend to settle in cities
Many opportunities
Globalisation
Positives of diversity
Increases tolerance
Enrich character
Cultural events - tourism, good for economy
Issues caused by cultural diversity
Tension between groups, can lead to violence
Pressure on services - educate students who can’t speak English
Minority communities may feel isolated
strategies to manage diversity
schools alter holidays and services
- involve different cultures
local authorities provide English lessons to help get jobs
Cultural diversity in Leeds
12% of Leeds born outside UK
22% primary school students don’t have English as first language
West Indian Carnival, Chapeltown
Cultural diversity in Rio
Racially mixed
Spatial patterns, most white in south
South zone - 80% white
Rest of city - 50% white
Black and mixed concentrated in poor areas such as north
Factor affecting success of stratergies
Leeds better
Population size/ growth - more pressure on services
Wealth - more money to help
Physical geography
- Rio surrounded by mountains, less space to expand
what is social segregation?
Issues caused by social segregation
Can be forced or voluntary
Lack of interaction - caused discrimination
Some areas may lack opportunities- increases inequalities
Or services such as waste disposal - poor health
strategies to manage social segregation
combat discrimination
create equal employment opportunities
increase access to services in all areas
