Urban Visions Flashcards
Origins of garden city?
John Sinclair- Thurso
Attracting people back to countryside
Transforming property relations
John Claudius London plan
What was John Claudius’s plan?
Alternating circles of built up areas and green belt
Model village examples?
New Lanark Saltaire James Silk Buckingham’s plan of a model town Port sunlight Bourneville New Farswick
Philanthropic housing?
Establishing the state to protect public welfare and private funds for new housing
Market adjustments
Higher standards of health and safety
Example of philanthropic housing?
Peabody trust, London
Improved dwellings association, New York
Failure of philanthropic housing?
Corporations could not afford to house the neediest only wage earners
Failed to convince mass investors due to small return compared to slum housing
What came up with the garden city context and what were his key texts?
Ebenezer Howard 1850
Tomorrow: A peaceful path to reform
Garden cities of tomorrow
Describe the ideology behind garden cities?
Middle course between Utopianism and pragmatism
Influenced by Victorian reform- cooperative movement
Speculative land company
Describe a garden city?
Self contained urban settlements with a mix of land uses separated from neighbouring urban areas to decentralise urban populations and control suburbs.
Problems with London?
Overcrowding
Slums
Inequality
Poor planning
The three magnets?
Combination of energetic and active town live with the beauty and delight of the country
Marriage of town and country
Key ideas of garden cities?
Entire revenue derived from ground rents based off of annual land value and part of the sum given to the council for public world
No monopoly
Self sufficiency
New social economy?
Shared ownership
Rate-rent, what people pay to live there
Rates paid towards roads and schools, surplus to pensions and health and accident insurance
How was the garden city seen as for the working class!
A stepping stone to a higher and better form of industrial life
Planning the garden city
Cottages and gardens
Semi-rural- trees, shrubs, grass
Central Park
Preserving a belt of country round cities
Each ward should be a complete town in itself
Administration?
Public accountability
Board of management:
Central council
Departments:
Public control- law and inspection
Engineering- infrastructure
Social purposes- education, recreation
Social cities?
Local option- protection against competition
Public houses profit addressed consequences such as asylums for alcoholics
Garden city example? 1
Letchworth Garden City Most complete example Planner by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin Preserved Norton Common Grand axial layout Land zoning
Garden city example? 2
Welwyn Garden City
Everyone belonged to many societies and were secretaries of at least 1
Working class housing clustered in one area
Investors took more profit than was planned
Did the idea spread internationally?
Yes
Japan and Korea
Looked at incorporating nature into cities
Challenges?
Statutory town planning in Britain 1909 State subsidies for local authorities for supplying working class rental housing 1919 Housing act New Towns Modernism Increase car ownership
New urbanism
A cultural shift to rediscover civic life and the vitality of the public realm and honourable places
John Nolan
Civic art to integrate the urban landscape based on a new aesthetic
Enabling individuality of citizens
Concluded cities were cursed with insolvable social and political problems
Contemporary relevance?
Cohabitation, compactness, greenness and community Neighbourhood Traffic free Eco towns New urbanism
Garden cities of today?
Large scale new community to address housing shortage
Well planned and high quality sustainable places
Capture of land values enable large scale developments
Interconnectivness
Mixed tenure affordable homes Variety of employment opportunities within commuter distance Generous green space Community engagement Allotments Accessible transport
