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The Making Of Urban Places > States And Markets > Flashcards

States And Markets Flashcards

1
Q

What was the fundamental question regarding the state?

A

How far stayed should intervene in economic processes

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2
Q

How does state intervention impact cities?

A

What type of industry thrives
Wages and salaries
Provision of housing and public services
Rules and regulations on land use and construction

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3
Q

Two dimensions?

A

National/ international

City level

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4
Q

How can the state affect economic growth internationally and nationally?

A

The protection of certain industries

Trade- tariffs, imports/ exports

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5
Q

How can the state effect housing and urban physical form at city level?

A

Planning regulations to restrict developers and dictate land use
Incentives- eg provision of affordable housing

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6
Q

State definition?

A

The interlinked administrative, legal, bureaucratic and coercive systems through with a political community is governed

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7
Q

Market definition?

A

A system of exchange based not on reciprocity and redistribution but on rational self instead governed by supply and demand forces

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8
Q

Capitalism definition?

A

A system of production based on private ownership and the pursuit of profit in a market economy

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9
Q

Socialism definition?

A

A system characterised by public ownership and the means a production, a limited role for markets and a planned economy

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10
Q

Key thinker- AS

A 
Adam Smith 
Invisible hand 
Key text- The Wealth of Nations 
Laissez faire economies 
Minimal state intervention
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11
Q

Mercantilism definition?

A

State role in advancing a nations profit making activities abroad

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12
Q

Key thinker- DR

A

David Ricardo
Theory- Comparative advantage- focus only on industries they are most competing at
Govts should not protect industries
Free international trade benefits everyone
Industry should triumph over agriculture in UK

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13
Q

Key thinker- KM

A 
Saw contradiction in capitalism as it’s fundamentally opposed to the labourers 
The state was an instrument of the ruling class 
Cities in capitalist economies of sites of class struggle- between bourgeoisie and proletariat
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14
Q

Key thinker? JK

A

John Keynes
Rejected free market economy
Believed capitalism could be improved without socialist revolution
Advocated increase in aggregate demand to promote full employment
Resulted in public spending financed by taxation and borrowing

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15
Q

Key thinker? RP

A

Rejected comparative advantage
Creation of the centre and periphery through free trade which disadvantages the periphery due to agriculture not creating wealth
Developing countries must protect their industries

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16
Q

Key thinker? JJ

A

Jane Jacobs
Key texts- The economy of cities and the Wealth of Nations
Innovation is key for economic life
Expanded by import replacing
Both there economic processes are related and functions of city economies

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17
Q

Developments prior to WW2?

A

Late 19th and early 20th century considered high point of free trade
Ended with the outbreak of WW1- many argue due to capitalist competition
The Great Depression, rice of racism and communism resulted in protectionism
Unemployment over 25% US 1933

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18
Q

Post WW2

A

Keynes influences US and Europe and more interventionist forms of capitalism
Resulted in full employment, welfare state, high tax and more social spending
‘Long boom’ provided money for developments- eg Sheffield’s Park hill complex

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19
Q

Interventionism in 3rd world cities?

A

Protecting infant industries in order to catch up

Urban growth soared- workers flooded for jobs in steel, automobiles and aircraft

20
Q

How does this link with urban planning?

A

High state intervention coincided with age of high modernism in planning

21
Q

Urban development in socialism east?

A 
Stalin- Man of Steel 
Committed to make Russia an industrial power 
Rapid urban growth 
No. Cities with more than 100,000
31 in 1926 
221 in 1970
22
Q

China pre-reform

A

Industrialisation without urbanisation
Anti urban bias in policy making- cities seen as sites of production not consumption
Service sector discouraged
Urban population controlled by Hukou system

23
Q

Two instruments of Chinese state control?

A

Danwei and Hukou

24
Q

Danwei?

A

Work units in urban areas
Supervised by state
Provided housing and basic services
Sites of state surveillance eg OCP

25
Q

Hukou?

A

Household registration system
Restrict rural to urban movement
Population divided into agricultural and non agricultural
Peasants couldn’t survive in cities due to danwei only provided to those with urban Hukou

26
Q

Crisis of the 70’s in global north

A 
Global recession 
De industrialisation 
Public debt 
Urban decay 
NYC associating with drugs, crime, ghettos and homelessness despite huge municipal spending- Went bankrupt in 75
27
Q

Crisis of 1979’s in global south?

A

Economic stagnation
Hyperinflation due to excessive borrowing
Slowing of growth and agricultural stagnation

28
Q

What is ISI?

A

Import Substitution industrialisation

An economic policy which advocated replacing imported goods with domestic production

29
Q

What created the urban bias in developing countries?

A

By 1970’s state protection of industries was considered to be corrupt and inefficient

30
Q

What was the urban bias in developing countries?

A

The idea that the state favours city dwellers therefore farmers are forced to sell there food cheaply but have to pay high prices for manufactured goods

31
Q

What did the urban bias result in?

A 
Class conflict between rural and urban class 
Promoted neo-liberal revolution 70’s
32
Q

What is neo-liberalism?

A

Ideology that believed that human well being can be best advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms.
Characterised by strong private property rights, free markets and free trade

33
Q

Neoliberal revolution?

A

Influenced by Hayek and Friedman
Election of Thatcher and Reagan
Privatisation and rolling back the state
Deregulation
Purge of Keynsians out of The World Bank and IMF

34
Q

Neoliberal policy implemented in global south

A

Structural adjustment
Reduces role of the state
Implemented in Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa

35
Q

What does neoliberalism mean for cities?

A

Many large cities boomed due to private investment but created vast inequality
NYC became divided Manhattan ‘sealed off’ to business elites
Urban planning authorities replaced with municipal development corporations to encourage competition

36
Q

What happened in the cities of the global south following neoliberalism!

A

Industrialisation Went into reverse
Public sector jobs evaporated
Rise of informalisation

37
Q

Neoliberalism and housing UK

A

Right to buy

Regeneration of inner cities through market led development

38
Q

Neoliberalism and housing Global south

A

Self help housing solutions

Enabling markets to work through deregulation and institutional reforms

39
Q

Example of private led enterprise zones?

A

London docklands

40
Q

Unemployment in Sheffield?

A

As high as 30% in some areas following the collapse of the steel industry

41
Q

The new left in UK cities?

A

London and Liverpool
Emphasis on public spending
Conflicted the Cons govt
Govt fought back against rebellious councils
Rates act 1984- capped the amount councils could tax and spend

42
Q

New urban governance?

A 
Late 80’s: 90’s 
Increasingly marketized 
Compulsory competitive tendering 
Rise of public- private partnerships 
Out of town retail developments- Meadowhall
43
Q

Hong Kong?

A

Economic freedom
No import tariffs, no sales tax, no VAT
Govt owns all land
1/5 of pop live below the poverty line 2011

44
Q

Shock therapy in USSR

A

Implemented radical neoliberal program to bring Russia into global market
Collapse of monotowns
Mass unemployment
Shrinking cities

45
Q

China 1978 reforms?

A

Loosened state control
Special economic zones
Looser regulations around land and labour to attract private investment
Gradual relaxation of Hukou system
Creation of private housing market
Danwei housing sold to tenants- steep rise in house prices

46
Q

What were structural adjustments policies?

A

Designed to boost agricultural exports in line with the comparative advantage of most African states instead of promoting industry

The Making Of Urban Places (11 decks)

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