Early Urbanism

Question 1

The urban revolution

Answer 1

Morris 1994
Development of settled agriculture
8000-10000 years ago humans exerted systematic control over food supplies- eg, domestication of animals and cultivation of crops
This led to permanence of residence- eg. Villages

Question 2

What did the last ice age bring?

Answer 2

The Fertile Crescent

7000 BC

Question 3

What was the first village

Answer 3

4000 BC
Egypt
2 rows of huts and a lane between

Question 4

What are the conditions for urbanism?

Answer 4

Production of storable food 
The development of writing 
Social organisation 
Technological processes 
Modification in social and economic relations

Question 5

The first 7 urban civilisations

Answer 5

Sumerian 
Egyptian 
Harrapan 
Shang
Aztec 
Maya 
Inca

Question 6

Sumerian Citigroup examples?

Answer 6

Uruk
Ziggurat of Nammu
Ur

Question 7

3 element of Sumerian cities?

Answer 7

Old walled city- Tempe is on west side
Suburb of houses and agricultural land
Harbour- commercial centre, canal

Question 8

What did the temenos contain?

Answer 8

Open spaces reserved for religious and Royal elite

Question 9

Form of Sumerian cities?

Answer 9

Influenced by flooding of river trade
Residential areas influenced by climate, customs and urban mobility
House rooms grouped around courtyard
Protection from the sun, dust and sand
Streets needed to allow passage of animal traffic

Question 10

How was the Harrapan urban form described?

Answer 10

Variants of a standard plan

Question 11

Features of Harrapan cities?

Answer 11

Citadels raised on high platforms surrounded by high walls
Lower cities laid out in rectangular form
Future developments adhered to basic grid pattern

Question 12

Mohenjo-Daro (Harrapan)

Answer 12

On the bank of the Indus
Building had civic-religious purposes such as public baths, offices, assembly halls
High quality sanitation- most houses had bathrooms, flushing sewers

Question 13

What is the polis

Answer 13

The city state or self governing community

Question 14

The Greek city form?

Answer 14

Urban centre with enclosing city walled surrounded by villages and farmland
The Acropolis
The agora
Residential districts
Leisure and cultural areas (theatre, stadium)
Harbour, port and industrial district

Question 15

What is the Acropolis?

Answer 15

The religious centre

Question 16

What is the agora?

Answer 16

Heart of the city

Focal point of planning

Question 17

What did the Greeks achieve?

Answer 17

Systematic organisation
Architecture, democracy
Population controls
Focus on communal leisure space

Question 18

Limits of Greek urbanism?

Answer 18

Women and slaves were not classed as citizens and had restricted rights
Poor sanitisation
Regular plague and sickness
High density with little garden space

Question 19

Rome

Answer 19

Hill provided defence both military and flooding and on main trade routes
Rectangular design

Question 20

How was Rome regulated?

Answer 20

Caesar banned carts during sunlight

Caesar limiting building hight, and regulated distance between buildings

Question 21

The Roman urban achievement

Answer 21

Maintained a 1.2m population 
Applied engineering 
Public works 
Building regulators 
No segregation 
Fire and police services

Question 22

Limits of Roman urbanism?

Answer 22

Extreme wealth contrasts
Malaria and plague
Crowding and deteriorating housing conditions
Little innovation

Question 23

Medieval urban form

Answer 23

Walk with towers and gates and customs barrier
Streets and circulation spaces
Market place
Church
Residential building with private gardens
Refuse disposal and water supply

Question 24

Florence 1

Answer 24

Global city 
Bureaucratic processes viewed as civic activity 
A new economy- textiles, banking 
First capitalist revolution
Organised- long term planning 
Complex trades- firms employing 150+
Aristocracy of wealth

Question 25

Florence 2

Answer 25

``` Self governance High public hygiene standards Inequalities Workers revolts Capitalist fluctuations and bankruptcies Emphasis on private homes ```

Question 26

Examples of urban governance 1?

Answer 26

Immigration and ethnic and religious diversity Race riots Ghettos Determine between refugees and economic migrants Local governments Planning regulations

Question 27

Examples of urban governance 2?

Answer 27

Institutions for urban poor Bureaucratic responses to plague - rubbish collection Lawes of the Market- London no noise after 9 pm Nuisance Assizes - resolve neighbourhood disputes

Question 28

When was the plague and fire

Answer 28

London Plague- 1665 Fire- 1666

Question 29

Who was the commissioner for rebuilding London?

Answer 29

Roger Pratt

Question 30

What was included in the Act for rebuilding London 1667?

Answer 30

Dictating materials and wall thickness Vertical segregation of buildings Prohibition of domestic storage of flammable materials Removal of unstable wooden houses

Question 31

Urban problems regarding class?

Answer 31

``` Class structure became more complex and clearly defined social class districts Desire for private and segregation ```

Question 32

How was chaos regulated?

Answer 32

Traffic- laws to reduce horse speeds Light- residents required to hang lanterns and fined if not Money rewarded for informing on those not disposing of domestic waste properly

Question 33

Examples of mobs and riots

Answer 33

Urban mobs- London and Paris The Gordon riots June 1789 Burning of flour mills in Brum and London The French Revolution

Question 34

Edinburgh new town

Answer 34

Contrast to organic old town Building acts- regulated building lines, widows, roofs, pavement widths and sewers Celebrating unionism- Union Jack design

Question 35

Where were the earliest civilisations found?

Answer 35

Mesopotamia, China, India, Egypt, America’s | Often near rivers