Urban Social and Economic Issues (Unit 1, Topic 3) Flashcards
Social, Socio-Economic Segregation/ Factors causing Social Segregation/ Urban-Social Exclusion/ Poverty and Inequality/ Deprivation/ Causes of Deteriation/ Diaspora/ Cultural Diversity and its Positives and Negatives/ Interculturalism/ Legislation.
What is Social Segregation?
When populations are not equal throughout defined space
What is Socio-Economic Segregation?
As industry changes, people access or fail to access work, these people will then live in more deprived areas of a city. Over time low and high income zones emerge and ethnic groups link to this pattern as immigrants tend to cluster together in cheaper housing
How does Housing cause Social Segregation?
Developers, builders and planners build housing on blocks of land with particular markets in mind. The requirement for ‘affordable housing’ may affect housing values in some areas
How do Changing Environments cause Social Segregation?
Housing neighbourhoods change over time, typically built for larger families maybe converted to flats. Former poor areas have been gentrified ‘the right to buy’ legislation of the 1980’s transformed many council estates as houses were bought by occupants
How do Ethnic Dimensions cause Social Segregation?
When migrants first arrive they may suffer discrimination in the job market and may be unemployed or employed in low paying jobs. Can only afford cheap housing or rental properties, new migrants often focus on poorer areas
What is Urban-Social Exclusion?
Term refers to the problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation, people are excluded from full participation in society by their social and physical circumstances. Inequality can cause a lack of social cohesion and could lead to social unrest. Inner city areas are typically the most deprived areas and today lots of inner city areas have been regenerated
How is Poverty and Inequality Tackled?
-Enforcing a living wage or urban subsidy
-Support low skilled workers
-More affordable housing
-Greater provision of public transport
-Enforcing minimum environmental standards
-Community outreach programs to keep people away from crime and promote confidence
-Decentralisation to promote economic development outside of the main city
-Improved education and healthcare access
-Regeneration within inner city areas making
housing on the outside of CBD’s slightly
cheaper
What is Deprivation?
A standard of living below that of the majority in a particular society that involves hardships and lack of access to resources
What is Inequality?
Differences in the level of wealth, social opportunity or environmental access
What are the Main Causes of Deteriation in Urban Areas?
Often caused by a lack of investment and maintenance. It is often but not exclusively accompanied by a decline in population numbers, decreasing economic performance and employment
What is Diaspora?
A group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world
What is Cultural Diversity?
The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society. Culture can relate to nationality, race, age and traditions
Why do Immigrants Settle in Cities?
-More job opportunities
-Better healthcare
-More diverse areas, similar ethnicity
- More social opportunities
-First point of entry for migrants
-Housing for similar ethnicity groups
-More tolerant of immigrants
What are the Benefits of Cultural Diversity?
-Exposure to different foods, music, language, religion and carnivals to illustrate acceptance and interest in different cultures
-It gives people the chance to experience different things outside of what they are normally accustomed to
-Improves understanding of different points of view which helps improve tolerance of others
What are the Negatives of Cultural Diversity?
-Extra pressure on stretched urban services
-Hospitals need to cover for specific illnesses
-School holiday patterns and school timetables to cater for different ethnicities
-Multicultural policies can encourage distinct communities which leads to parallel lives within the same urban areas
