urban policies since 1979

Question 1

what is an urban policy

Answer 1

strategies chosen by local or central government to manage development and reduce urban problems

Question 2

1979-1991 policies

Answer 2

property led initiatives
create entrepreneurial culture

role of private sector big
local businesses encouraged spend money on land and infrastructure to encourage private investment

eg
urban development corporations
enterprise zones

Question 3

1991-1997 policies

Answer 3

partnership schemes
competition led

focus local leadership and partnerships betwen private sector and local communities and volunteer groups
tackle social/econ/environmental in run down areas of city

eg
city challenge
city pride

Question 4

1997-2000 policies

Answer 4

area based initiatives

narrow social and economic gap between deprived areas and rest country
improve health education and employment
funding allocated by government

eg
Regional Development Agencies

Question 5

2011- present policies

Answer 5

split responsibilities to cities

funding and decision making negotiated between government and local authorities
greater responsibility

eg
City Deals

Question 6

UDC (1980s) detail

Answer 6

regenerate inner city

local business community boards encouraged spend on land and infrastructure to attract private investment
funded by government

good:
-new buisnesses
-improved environment
-£12billion private investment
-190,000 jobs created

cons:
-didnt help social
-local people little involved
-jobs and housing not necessarily helped locals

Question 7

UDC example
- where
- why
- what done
- success
- negatives

Answer 7

London Docklands

derelict area
decline of shipping industry

30% decline population
poor infrastructure
110,000 jobs lost in 10years

£1 billion of tax money given to clean up the land, sold land
£8 million private investment
economic zone set up (tax breaks)

1) pop inc: 39,000 to 68,000 from 1981 to 1995
2)develop of the Canary Wharf and attraction high status businesses making it one of the financial capitals of the world
3) created 40,000 jobs
4) 22,000 new homes built
5) environment improved

1) jobs highly skilled so not beneficial for locals
2 locals priced out due to increase in property values, lack affordable housing
3) increased inequality between skilled professionals and locals

Question 8

City challenge (1990s) detail

Answer 8

cities compete for regeneration grant from government

tackle social/economic/environmental in run down areas

improved 40,000 homes
53,000 jobs made
reclaim 2000Ha land

resources thin spread
areas used to get on need no longer recieve
money lost if bid unsuccesful

Question 9

City Challenge example

Answer 9

Hulme City Challenge
(manchester)

in 60s built flats in crescents
- poor design brought issues such as insulation making heating too expensive for the low income residents
-became dumping ground for cities poorest
-crime high, antisocial behaviour, vandalism

Manchester City Council and AMEC partnership

3000 new homes
1800Ha derelict land reclaimed
demolished crescents
locals helped design housing schemes -energy and water efficient for low bills
green urban areas
mixed tenure so diverse demographic
youth centre and school redevelopment

£280 million

unemployment reduced by 26%
less crime

still fairly poor area

Question 10

City deals (2011 - present) detail

Answer 10

26 cities then another 14
design own strategies and create economic growth

increased economic activity
better infrastructure
development certainty

funding fragmented
not flexible

Question 11

City Deals example

Answer 11

FINISH TMRW