urban NEE/LIC - rio

Question 1

how is the world’s population changing

Answer 1

increase more and more rapidly

Question 2

urbanisation

Answer 2

proportion of the world’s population who live in cities

Question 3

urban growth

Answer 3

increase in the area covered by cities

Question 4

how does urbanisation vary around the world

Answer 4

urban population growing more in less developed regions
largest growth in urban population by 2050 will be china india and nigeria - NEEs
south and east asia - around halfof pop. in towns and cities
LICs - >20% in cities
africa - av. urban pop. almost 40%
most HICs - >60% in cities

Question 5

why do cities grow

Answer 5

• natural increase - birth rate higher than death rate, higher in LICs and NEEs because lots of young adults and improved health care
• rural-urban migration - push- farming is hard and poorly paid and usually subsistence so nothing to sell, rural areas isolated so fewer services, pull - higher standard of living, better medical facilities, better chance of education

Question 6

megacities

Answer 6

cities with pop over 10 million
- slow growing - so squatter settlements, tokyo, los angeles (often HICs)
- growing - under 20% in squatter settlements, beijing, rio de janeiro (often NEEs)
- rapid-growing - over 20% in squatter settlements - jakarta, mumbai (often LICs or NEEs)

Question 7

location of rio

Answer 7

south-east brazil around guanabara bay
north zone - airport, industrial, informal settlements
centro - historic, CBD + financial centre
west zone - wealthy, industrial, olympic stadiums
south zone - hotels, beaches, luxury flats, rocinha

Question 8

importance of rio

Answer 8

cultural capital of brazil
UNESCO world heritage site
stunning natural surroundings
hosted olympics and football world cup
manufacturing industries - furniture and chemicals
christ the redeemer statue
regional, national and international centre
major port
service industries - banking and finance
important international transport hub

Question 9

why has rio grown

Answer 9

attracts migrants
amazon basin
argentina and bolivia
south korea and china seeking new business opportunities
portugal - common language, formal colonial power
skilled workers form usa, uk
internal migration - drought-stricken farmers, indigenous people driven out of rainforest due to deforestation
natural increase - big youthful population, most migrants young, high birth rate, low death rate

Question 10

types of employment in rio

Answer 10

service industries
port industries
oil refining
manufacturing
tourism
steel
construction
retail

Question 11

opportunities in rio (healthcare)

Answer 11

free healthcare
improvement in Rio since 2008
higher percentage vaccinated

Question 12

opportunities in rio (education)

Answer 12

standard is high compared to rural areas, has over 1000 primary schools, 400 secondary schools, 6 universities
many migrants move to rio to improve education
grants from government to help children remain in school and supports extracurriculars
schools of tomorrow programme - aims to improve education in poor and violent areas
free childcare for teenage parents to return to education

Question 13

opportunities in rio (water supply)

Answer 13

300km new pipes built in 1998, largest water treatment works in world, larger chance of fresh water supply that rural
around 80% of water comes from Guandu river
around 96% of city has safely piped water

Question 14

opportunities in rio (energy)

Answer 14

around 99% of city has direct access to electricity
system extended with installation of new power lines, simplicito hydro-electric plant, increased supply by 30%
2 nuclear reactors constructed
in santa marta slum over 150 solar panels fitted on roofs providing affordable clean energy

Question 15

opportunities in rio (economic)

Answer 15

growing economy prosperity attracted large companies to rio from throughout brazil and abroad

Question 16

challenges in rio (slums)

Answer 16

usually older industrial or residential buildings abandoned when industry moved to another area
mostly illegally subdivided, dangerously over crowded, inadequate services like bathrooms, kitchens or proper ventilation and lighting.

Question 17

challenges in rio (squatter settlements)

Answer 17

unplanned uses of land by homeless people, improved over time
can be without proper infrastructure, temporary makeshift dwellings, sometimes built on dangerous land or self built housing which initially lacks infrastructure but water and electricity might be introduced

Question 18

challenge in favelas (crime)

Answer 18

high murder rate - 20 per 1000 in many favelas
drug gangs can dominate

Question 19

challenges in favelas (services)

Answer 19

in non-improved favelas:
12% homes have no running water
30% have no electricity
50% have no sewerage connections
much illegal connections to electricity pylons, sewers often open drains
drinking water often comes from tapping into city water mains

Question 20

challenge in favelas (health)

Answer 20

high infant mortality rates - can be 50 per 1000
waste can’t be disposed of, builds up in streets, increase danger of disease

Question 21

challenges in favelas (construction)

Answer 21

houses built with basic materials on steep slopes
heavy rain can cause landslides
limited road access due to steepness

Question 22

challenges in rio (access to education)

Answer 22

only half of children continue education past 14 - shortage of schools and teachers, lack of money and need for teenagers to work to support family

Question 23

challenges in favelas (unemployment)

Answer 23

rates as high as 20%
average incomes may be less than £75 per month
irregular jobs

Question 24

challenges in rio (access to energy)

Answer 24

frequent power cuts and blackouts
many poorer people get their electricity by illegally tapping into the main supply - can be very dangerous (fires, electrocutions)
demand high and rising - growing pop, expanding indusrial sector
2016 olympics huge challenge for energy supply

Question 25

challenges in rio (access to healthcare)

Answer 25

lots of different areas get different levels of healthcare - different infant mortality, life expectancy, pregnant females getting healthcare
on average, favela residents live 13 years less that wealthier parts
about 2 health clinics for 100000
lots of disease from inadequate sanitation
covid 19 affected favelas, many people could not isolate and stay away from work

Question 26

challenges in rio (unemployment)

Answer 26

recession in 2015 increased
government faced economic crisis in 2018, many lost jobs in public services
stimulus from 2016 olympics short lived, few long term opportunities
unemployment
rates in favelas >20% - most work in informal economy where jobs are poorly paid and irregular - around 3.5 million do not have formal employment contract, don’t pay tax

Question 27

challenges in rio (crime)

Answer 27

murder, kidnapping, armed assault
powerful gangs control drug trafficking in many favelas
occurs regularly, murder rate increased since 2017 by 20% - associated with rise in unemployment and reduction in police budget since olympics

Question 28

challenges in rio (education)

Answer 28

25% of poorest children do not attend school regularly even though education is compulsory from 6-14
only about half continue after 14
high adult unemployment rate so many work to support family
shortage of local schools so many travel long distances
teen pregnancy causes drop outs
violence and drugs have impact on schooling - may be shut during police operation,
closed in pandemic
bad effect on education - lack of technology

Question 29

challenges in rio (sanitation systems)

Answer 29

about 35% of city’s sewage is in open sewers, dumped into Guanabara bay, cannot cope with volume of waste, 150 metric tons of industrial wastewater flow into bay
most homes lack piped water and sanitation, leads to spread of waterborne diseases

Question 30

challenges in rio (access to water)

Answer 30

12% of rio pop had no running water
37% is lost through leaks and illegal access
droughts make water expensive
often water shortages due to problems with infrastructure, water murky and foul tasting (mud)
water often not supplied to individual households but communal area
sometimes water cut off

Question 31

challenges in rio (waste disposal)

Answer 31

many favelas on steep slopes, few proper roads so waste collection is difficult - most waste dumped and pollutes water and causes diseases and promotes rat, algal blooms, floating debris
less than 2 percent recycled, rio produces 3.5 million tonnes of waste,

Question 32

challenges in rio (water pollution)

Answer 32

guanabara bay is highly polluted - commercial fishing declined by 90%
could also have an affect on tourism + local economy
rivers polluted by open sewers in favelas - government has not paid for sewage pipes
oil spills from oil refinery
ships empty fuel tanks in bay
over 50 tonnes of industrial waste discharged each day

Question 33

challenges in rio (air pollution and traffic congestion)

Answer 33

causes 5000 deaths per year in rio - natural mist mixes with vehicle exhaust fumes and pollutants - brown smog
traffic congestion increases pollution - mountains limit where roads can go, no. of cars grown, high crime levels so people prefer driving
rio most congested city in south america

Question 34

favela barrio project

Answer 34

‘slum to neighbourhood’ project, integrate favelas into fabric if the city, attempts to address social economic and environmental problems of favelas
involved over 250000 residents and 73 communities

Question 35

rocinha

Answer 35

largest favela in rio
90% houses built with brick and with electricity, running water and sewage systems
bars, travel agents, shops (even maccies)
schools, health facilities and uni

Question 36

negative of favela barrio project

Answer 36

newly built infrastructure not being maintained
residents lack skills and resources to make repairs
more training needed to improve literacy and employment
credit schemes not widely available to help residents afford to improve their homes
new elevated improvements caused homes to flood
mortality from diseases such as malaria had not improved
rents have risen in some favelas

Question 37

how have 2016 olympics affected favelas

Answer 37

soome favelas demolished for development s for olympics. campo grande saw 800 new houses built
some houses better than favelas
campo grande lacks community, has no shops, 90min drive from city centre

Question 38

social improvements of favela bairro project

Answer 38

daycare and after-school care, enabling adults to seek secure employment
improving adult literacy rate to increase employment opportunities and incomes
medical services for drug addiction, alcoholism, and victims of domestic violence

Question 39

economic improvements of favela bairro project

Answer 39

inhabitants can apply to own their properties legally encouraging them to improve their housing (self-help)
access to credit to allow people to buy materials to improve their homes

Question 40

environmental improvements of favela bairro project

Answer 40

replacement of wooden buildings with brick making them permanent and less likely to be damaged by weather
removal of houses from dangerous steep slopes
infrastructure improvements (water, sanitation and electricity)
widening and paving of streets to allow access for waste collection and emergency services

Question 41

positives of favela bairro project

Answer 41

granted land ownership, roads paved, new childcare centres opened , training available in hygiene computing and community development
quality of life, mobility, employment prospects
cable car system in complexo do alemao (3.5km public transport system)