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resource management Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of total food consumed is imports in UK

A

40% - is increasing

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2
Q

why does uk import so much food?

A

availability of cheaper food abroad
uk climate unsuitable for production of some foods
demand for more exotic and seasonal produce all year round

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3
Q

impact of importing food

A

travels long way, adds to carbon footprint - from commercial cultivation and transport.

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4
Q

agribusiness

A

recent trend in uk farming
land intensely farmed to maximise amount of food produced, pesticides and fertilisers widely used, machinery costs high but increase efficiency, small number of workers
example - lynford house farm, east anglia

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5
Q

organic produce

A

farming without the use of artifical chemicals - many people choose to pay higher price
example - riverford
began on farm in devon, now delivers organic vegetables from farms in devon, yorkshire, peterborough and hampshire, reduces food miles, provides local employment

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6
Q

what is a resource

A

stock or supply of something that has value or purpose - food water energy
most HICs have plentiful resources - many imported
many LICs and NEEs lack resources and struggle to improve quality of life

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7
Q

why is food significant

A

poorly balanced diet can lead to disease/illness, people need to be well fed in order to be productive, obesity is increasing problem

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8
Q

global inequalities of food

A

over 1 billion people do not get enough calories
under/malnutrition affects further 2 billion - countries in sub-saharan africa suffer most

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9
Q

why is water significant

A

essential for drinking
vital for crops
used to produce energy

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10
Q

global inequalities of water

A

variation in climate and rainfall affect supply
capture storage and extraction is expensive
many poor countries have shortages - use most water for agriculture
HICs use most in industry

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11
Q

why is energy significant

A

needed for light, heat and power
powers factories
provides fuel for transport

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12
Q

global inequalities of energy

A

richer countries consume more that poorer
middle east is major oil supplier but its own consumption is low
NEEs becoming more industrialised so demand will increase

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13
Q

water demand in UK

A

almost 50% used domestically
demand estimated to rise by 5% because of rapidly growing population, more houses increase in the use of water-intensive domestic appliances (dishwashers)

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14
Q

what is water SURPLUS and where does it occur in uk and why

A

supply exceeds demand
north and west
because there is quite heavy rainfall but not as high population as some places

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15
Q

what is water DEFICIT and where does it occur in uk and why

A

demand exceeds supply
south and east
because there is lower rainfall but a higher population

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16
Q

what is water stress and where does it occurs the most in uk

A

water stress happens where there is water deficit
south east

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17
Q

challenges with water transfer

A

effect on land and wildlife
high cost
greenhouse gases released by pumping water over long distances

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18
Q

maintaining water quality

A

by environment agency:
filtering water to remove sediment
purifying water by adding chlorine
imposing strict regulations

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19
Q

what have some groundwater sources been polluted by

A

industrial sites discharge
agriculture chemical fertilisers
leaching from old underground mines

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20
Q

how has uk’s energy mix/usage changed

A

consumption has fallen due to to decline of heavy industry and energy conservation - low energy appliances, building insulation, fuel-efficient cars
renewable has become more important but coal and gas are the biggest sources

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21
Q

why has energy mix/usage changed

A

about 75% of uk’s known oil and gas reserves used up
concerns about greenhouse gas emissions

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22
Q

uk’s energy security

A

affected because becoming increasingly dependent on imported energy

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23
Q

will fossil fuels continue to be important in the future and why

A

yes
uk’s remaining reserves will provide energy for several decades
coal imports are cheap
shale gas deposits may be exploited in the future

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24
Q

economic impacts of nuclear energy

A

power plants expensive to build
decommissioning old plants is expensive
new plants provide jobs

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25
environmental impacts of nuclear energy
problem of safe processing and storage of radioactive waste waste ca harm local ecosystems
26
economic impacts of wind farms
high construction costs local homeowners can have lower energy bills
27
environmental impacts of wind farms
visual impact of landscape helps reduce carbon footprint noise from wind turbines
28
global patterns of food consumption
canada usa and europe consume the most calories sub-saharan africa's daily calories intake per head in below recommended 2000-2400kcal
29
why is global consumption increasing
growing population increasing levels of development so people can afford to buy more food improved transport and storage means more food available
30
global patterns of food supply
usa brazil and uk have high outputs due to intensive farming ad investment china and india have large populations and high agricultural outputs sub-saharan africa produces less food due to unreliable rainfall, low investment and lack of training
31
food security
having access to enough affordable nutritious food to maintain a healthy life
32
food surplus
more food produced than needed by their population
33
food deficit
not enough food produced to feed population and have to rely on imports - can lead to food insecurity
34
food supply (affect of climate)
regions experiencing extreme temperature and rainfall struggle to produce food
35
food supply (affect of technology)
HICs - mechanisation and agribusiness give high levels of productivity
36
food supply (affect of pests and diseases)
spread from the tropics with rising temperatures
37
food supply (affect of water stress)
lack of water affects many areas that suffer food scarcity
38
food supply (affect of conflict)
can lead to destruction of crops and livestock
39
food supply (affect of poverty)
poorest people cannot afford technology, irrigation or fertilisers
40
impacts of food insecurity (famine)
widespread shortage of food causing malnutrition, starvation and death from seasons of low rainfall, poor harvests and death of livestock sometimes conflict blocks aid which makes it worse
41
impacts of food insecurity (rising prices)
because of increased cost of fertilisers, food storage and transportation
42
impacts of food insecurity (soil erosion)
the removal of fertile top soil layers by wind and water: overgrazing - animals reduce amount of vegetation which exposes land growing too many crops - uses up valuable nutrients cultivation of marginal land to increase food production deforestation - removes protective covering, increases surface runoff
43
impacts of food insecurity (undernutrition)
lack of balanced diet, deficiency in minerals and vitamins causes lots of deaths
44
impacts of food insecurity (social unrest)
food riots linked to large increase in price of food
45
increasing food supply (irrigation)
artificial watering of land involves construction of expensive dams and reservoirs benefits larger commercial farming
46
increasing food supply (aeroponics)
plants sprayed with fine water mist containing nutrients, excess water reused, enables small scale farmers to increase yields and lower production costs
47
increasing food supply (hydroponics)
roots of plants submerged in water with dissolved nutrients, mineral wool used as growth medium, grown at waist height so easier to harvest
48
increasing food supply (appropriate technology)
using skills or materials that are cheap and easily available to increase output without putting people out of work particularly for people living in poorer countries
49
increasing food supply (biotechnology)
genetically modified crops which produce higher yield and use fewer chemicals opposition in uk because of environmental and human health effects
50
increasing food supply (the new green revolution)
focuses on sustainability and community, in 2006, indian government began 'second' green revolution - water harvesting, irrigation, soil conservation, irrigation, improving seed and livestock quality using science and technology allowed indian state Bihar to double rice output
51
IBIS
largest continuous irrigation system in world three large dams and over a hundred small dams regulate water flow link canals enable water to be transferred between rivers smaller canals distribute water across the countryside over 1.6 million km of ditches and streams provide irrigation for pakistan's agricultural land
52
why is indus river important
sources its water from melting snow and heaving rain from the himalayas south pakistan gets lower levels of rainfall than restof country so relies on the river for irrigation farming important due to increasing price of food - pakistan grows a surplus of food but the cost has increased 18% within the last year, 37% of pop. face food insecurities water extremely important for successful farming - irrigation can double amount food produced
53
advantages of IBIS
- increased amount of land irrigated which increases amount of crops grown - large portion of pakistan economy made up of agriculture so important to keep farmin running and profiting - reservoirs home to fish farms, provides jobs and source of protein for locals
54
disadvantages of IBIS
- isn't distributed fairly (inequality), could be source of conflict - farmers not trained in irrigation, leads to more levels of salt in salt (salinization) damages crop growth and leave ground unfarmable in future - costly to maintain and repair
55
what is sustainable food supply
ensures that fertile soil, water and environmental resources are available for future generations
56
sustainable food supply (permaculture)
system of food production which follows the patterns and features of natural ecosystems harvesting rainwater crop rotation managing woodland
57
sustainable food supply (urban farming)
cultivating processing and distribution of food in and around settlements turn waste land into productive farmland, providing jobs, easier access to healthy food
58
sustainable food supply (fish)
setting catch limits monitoring fish breeding and fishing practices
59
sustainable food supply (meat)
small-scale livestock farms - free range or organic methods may be more expensive quality and animal welfare standards higher
60
sustainable food supply (seasonal food consumption)
in past, food was only available 'in season' local food sourcing more sustainable - reduces food miles and carbon footprint reduces energy need to grow and transport food, reduces CO2 emissions, gives support to local community, food from a long way might be more expensive, food production follows natural seasonal cycle
61
reducing food waste
improve food storage methods clearer best before/use by dates more sensible approach to food past sell by date using sealed bags to make fresh food last longer
62
makeuni county
eastern kenya average annual rainfall 500mm - effects crop output and health of pop. which affects development pop. 885000
63
makueni food and water security programme
improving access to a clean and safe water supply by building sand dams rainwater harvesting tank on the school roof providing a reliable source of water for crops and livestock training programme to support local farmers growing trees - reduce soil erosion, increase biodiversity, provide medicinal products
64
impacts of makeuni programme
crop yields and food security has increased water-borne diseases have decreased less time wasted fetching water - more time for work or education school has safe and clean water supply
65
how do sand dams work
trap sand laden water sand sinks water and lighter fertile silt flow over the dam, irrigating land water stored in dam can be pumped out and used to supply village

geography (17 decks)

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