economic world Flashcards
what is development
positive change that makes things better - usually in terms of standard of living and quality of life
classified by social economic and environmental factors
what is the development gap
the difference in standard of living between the world’s richest and poorest countries
measuring development - gross national income (GNI)
economic measurement of development
total value of goods and service provided by a country plus money earned from and paid to other countries
expressed as per head of pop.
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey experiencing higher rates of economic development
measuring development - human development index (HDI)
social measure expressed in 0-1
considers life expectancy at birth, no. of years of education, GNI per head
how useful are measures of development - birth rate
more developed country means more educated women who want a career, marry later and have fewer children
HICs - low
LICs - high
how useful are measures of development - death rate
developed countries tend to have a more stable health care system so can care prevent unnecessary deaths more easily so have a lower death rate. not always the case with less developed countries.
how useful are measures of development - infant mortality
how many babies die. useful measure of countries healthcare system
HICs - low
LICs - high
how useful are measures of development - literacy rate
high means a good education system
HICs - high
LICs - low
measures of development (doctors per no. of people, access to safe water)
more doctors per 1000 people in a more developed country
higher percentage of population have access in more developed countries
limitations of social and economic measures of development
a single measurement can give a false picture as it is an average for whole country
data could be out of date, unreliable, hard to collect
might not take into account subsistence or informal economies
demographic transition model
shows changes over time in population of a country
total pop. responds to variations in birth and death rates - also affected by migration but not shown on DTM
stage 1 of DTM - high fluctuating
high birth rate
high death rate
both fluctuate because of disease war and famine
population fairly stable
ex: tropical rainforest tribes with little contact with outside world. now no stage 1 countries
DTM stage 2 - early expanding
death rate decreases
birth rate remains high
population grows
ex: afghanistan - many poor countries are in stage 2
DTM stage 3 - late expanding
birth rate drops rapidly
death rate continues to decrease but more slowly
population still grows but not as fast
ex: nigeria - an NEE experiencing economic growth
stage 4 of DTM - low fluctuating
low birth rate
low death rate
birth rate can fluctuate depending on the economic situation
ex: USA - one of the most developed countries in the world with good healthcare and women who pursue careers
stage 5 of DTM - natural decrease
birth rate falls below death rate
death rate increases slightly because of ageing population
population decreases unless immigrants replace retired pop.
ex: japan and germany - well developed countries with an ageing population
population pyramids
stage 1 and 2- wide base (large proportion of young people), gets thinner as you go up (high death rate)
stage 3 and 4 - wider middle (lowering death rates), taller top (increasing life expectancy)
causes of uneven development - physical
landlocked countries cut of from seaborne trade
climate related diseases and pests affects health of working population
extreme weather (cyclones, draughts, floods) costly to repair damaged infrastructure
lack of clean water can affect farming and health of workers
causes of uneven development - economic (trade)
rich countries and large international companies want to pay as little as poss for raw materials - many from LICs
supply of raw materials often outstrips demand keeping prices low
processing (adds value) takes place in HICs
rich countries get richer, poor countries less able to develop
LICs and NEEs have traditionally exported primary products although some have now developed manufacturing (makes up 80% of exports for NEEs)
price of raw materials fluctuates a lot
causes of uneven development - historical (colonialism)
almost all wealth produced in colonial period went to european powers
since 1950, former european colonies have gained independence
independence has often been a difficult process resulting in civil wars and political struggles to power, holds back development.
disparities in wealth
in 2014, the fastest growth of wealth was in north america which now holds 35% of total global wealth
of NEEs china has recorded highest growth since 2000
africa’s share of global wealth remains very small
disparities in health - LICs
in poor countries, health care is often patchy
children under 15 years account for 4in every 10 deaths, over 70s account for only 2 in 10 deaths
infectious diseases are main cause of death
complications of childbirth are one of the main causes of death with under 5s
disparities in health - HICs
the over 70s account for 7 in 10 deaths
lung infections are the only main infectious cause of death
main cause of death are chronic diseases like cancer
only 1 in every 100 deaths is among children under 15
what is migration
movement of people from place to place. can be voluntary or forced. international migration is a consequence of uneven development , as people seek to improve their quality of life
