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economic world Flashcards

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1
Q

what is development

A

positive change that makes things better - usually in terms of standard of living and quality of life
classified by social economic and environmental factors

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2
Q

what is the development gap

A

the difference in standard of living between the world’s richest and poorest countries

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3
Q

measuring development - gross national income (GNI)

A

economic measurement of development
total value of goods and service provided by a country plus money earned from and paid to other countries
expressed as per head of pop.
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey experiencing higher rates of economic development

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4
Q

measuring development - human development index (HDI)

A

social measure expressed in 0-1
considers life expectancy at birth, no. of years of education, GNI per head

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5
Q

how useful are measures of development - birth rate

A

more developed country means more educated women who want a career, marry later and have fewer children
HICs - low
LICs - high

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6
Q

how useful are measures of development - death rate

A

developed countries tend to have a more stable health care system so can care prevent unnecessary deaths more easily so have a lower death rate. not always the case with less developed countries.

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7
Q

how useful are measures of development - infant mortality

A

how many babies die. useful measure of countries healthcare system
HICs - low
LICs - high

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8
Q

how useful are measures of development - literacy rate

A

high means a good education system
HICs - high
LICs - low

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9
Q

measures of development (doctors per no. of people, access to safe water)

A

more doctors per 1000 people in a more developed country
higher percentage of population have access in more developed countries

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10
Q

limitations of social and economic measures of development

A

a single measurement can give a false picture as it is an average for whole country
data could be out of date, unreliable, hard to collect
might not take into account subsistence or informal economies

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11
Q

demographic transition model

A

shows changes over time in population of a country
total pop. responds to variations in birth and death rates - also affected by migration but not shown on DTM

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12
Q

stage 1 of DTM - high fluctuating

A

high birth rate
high death rate
both fluctuate because of disease war and famine
population fairly stable
ex: tropical rainforest tribes with little contact with outside world. now no stage 1 countries

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13
Q

DTM stage 2 - early expanding

A

death rate decreases
birth rate remains high
population grows
ex: afghanistan - many poor countries are in stage 2

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14
Q

DTM stage 3 - late expanding

A

birth rate drops rapidly
death rate continues to decrease but more slowly
population still grows but not as fast
ex: nigeria - an NEE experiencing economic growth

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15
Q

stage 4 of DTM - low fluctuating

A

low birth rate
low death rate
birth rate can fluctuate depending on the economic situation
ex: USA - one of the most developed countries in the world with good healthcare and women who pursue careers

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16
Q

stage 5 of DTM - natural decrease

A

birth rate falls below death rate
death rate increases slightly because of ageing population
population decreases unless immigrants replace retired pop.
ex: japan and germany - well developed countries with an ageing population

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17
Q

population pyramids

A

stage 1 and 2- wide base (large proportion of young people), gets thinner as you go up (high death rate)
stage 3 and 4 - wider middle (lowering death rates), taller top (increasing life expectancy)

18
Q

causes of uneven development - physical

A

landlocked countries cut of from seaborne trade
climate related diseases and pests affects health of working population
extreme weather (cyclones, draughts, floods) costly to repair damaged infrastructure
lack of clean water can affect farming and health of workers

19
Q

causes of uneven development - economic (trade)

A

rich countries and large international companies want to pay as little as poss for raw materials - many from LICs
supply of raw materials often outstrips demand keeping prices low
processing (adds value) takes place in HICs
rich countries get richer, poor countries less able to develop
LICs and NEEs have traditionally exported primary products although some have now developed manufacturing (makes up 80% of exports for NEEs)
price of raw materials fluctuates a lot

20
Q

causes of uneven development - historical (colonialism)

A

almost all wealth produced in colonial period went to european powers
since 1950, former european colonies have gained independence
independence has often been a difficult process resulting in civil wars and political struggles to power, holds back development.

21
Q

disparities in wealth

A

in 2014, the fastest growth of wealth was in north america which now holds 35% of total global wealth
of NEEs china has recorded highest growth since 2000
africa’s share of global wealth remains very small

22
Q

disparities in health - LICs

A

in poor countries, health care is often patchy
children under 15 years account for 4in every 10 deaths, over 70s account for only 2 in 10 deaths
infectious diseases are main cause of death
complications of childbirth are one of the main causes of death with under 5s

23
Q

disparities in health - HICs

A

the over 70s account for 7 in 10 deaths
lung infections are the only main infectious cause of death
main cause of death are chronic diseases like cancer
only 1 in every 100 deaths is among children under 15

24
Q

what is migration

A

movement of people from place to place. can be voluntary or forced. international migration is a consequence of uneven development , as people seek to improve their quality of life

25
Q

meaning of immigrant

A

a person who moves into a country

26
Q

meaning of emigrant

A

a person who moves out of a country

27
Q

meaning of economic migrant

A

a person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life, such as a better-paid job

28
Q

what is a refugee

A

a person forces to move from their country of origin often as a result of civil war or a natural disaster

29
Q

what is a displaced person

A

a person forced to move from their home but who stays in their country of origin

30
Q

economic migration into the UK

A

since 2004 over 1.5 million economic migrants have move to the UK, two-thirds of whom are Polish
most migrants pay tax and work hard
migrants can put pressure on services such as health education

31
Q

middle east refugee crisis 2015

A

civil war in syria since 2011 causing 4 million people to flee country. lots of people try to cross mediterranean and die. in 2016 the EU and Turkey signed a deal to give turkey political and finiancial benefits in return for taking back migrants.

32
Q

how to reduce the development gap - investment

A

many countries and TNCs invest money and expertise in LICs (to increase their profits) which helps development and provides employment and income
eg: chinese businesses invested billions in Africa- power plant in Zimbabwe and railway in Sudan
benefits but many think it’s exploitative of Africa’s resources

33
Q

how to reduce the development gap - industrial development

A

brings employment, higher incomes, opportunities to invest in housing, education, infrastructure (transport networks,water,sewerage)
pop becomes more educated + healthier which means more opportunities to invest (multiplier effect)

34
Q

how to reduce the development gap - tourism

A

tropical beaches and cutsie landscapes/wildlife
investments increase and income from abroad increases
vulnerable in times of recession

35
Q

how to reduce the development gap - aid

A

from country of NGO (oxfam), donates resources to help develop and improve lives
money
emergency supplies
food or technology
specialist skills
enables countries to invest in development projects, focus on healthcare, education and services (locally)
only long term and freely given aid can properly address the development gap

36
Q

how to reduce the development gap - intermediate technology

A

sustainable and appropriate to needs, knowledge, wealth of local people - small scale projects
eg small dam built in ethiopa creating reservoir for irrigation
used local building materials
provided local employment
used local tools and knowledge
provided food for villagers

37
Q

how to reduce the development gap - fair trade

A

international movement, sets standards for trade, helps ensure producers in poor countries get fair deal
farmers get fair price, part of price is invested in dev projs, environmentally friendly farming

38
Q

how to reduce development gap (debt relief)

A

removes debt to other countries
allows countries to invest in development projects
could cause countries to expect other debts to be cancelled in future, corrupt countries could keep money.

39
Q

how to reduce the development gap (microfinance loans)

A

small financial support directly from banks - helps poor start small businesses and become self-sufficient
grameen bank, bangladesh set up especially local women set up small businesses

40
Q

what are tariffs

A

taxes paid on imports, makes imported goods more expensive, locally produced more attractive

41
Q

what are quotas

A

limits on quantity of goods that can be imported (usually primary)

42
Q

tourism in jamaica

A

highest proportion of economy - expected to increase, cruises help
main source of employment
led to high investment in infrastructure
areas of high tourism have better quality of life, other places may not
footpath erosion, increased waste
ecotourism popular

geography (17 decks)

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