economic - uk Flashcards
how has uk economy changed
mostly primary in 1800s, mostly secondary in 1900s, mostly tertiary since 2006, very low primary, new quaternary
causes of economic change: deindustrialisation and decline of tradiational industries
decline of manufacturing, growth of tertiary and quaternary - machines replaced people in modern industries, labour less expensive in other countries,
causes of economic change: globalisation
growth and spread of ideas around the world, responsible in part for the explosion of quaternary sector in UK
causes of economic change: government policies
promoting high-tech industries, more investment in manufacturing, encourage global companies to locate within UK
moving towards a post-industrial economy: development of information technology
computers are useful, internet enables instant communication, technology developing, people can work from home, lots of people employed in IT, attracting businesses and investment from abroad
moving towards a post-industrial economy: services and finance
grown rapidly, 81% of UK economic output, Uk is world’s leading centre for financial services
moving towards a post-industrial economy: research
quaternary, done at universities, by private companies, by government bodies - british antarctic survey, research polar regions, linnked to cambridge uni
science parks
scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site, mostly associated with universities - uni of southhampton science park, provides academic talent, attractive location, coffee shop, nursery etc., transport links
business parks
cluster of businesses - located on edge of towns, land cheaper, business benefits by working together, more land available, has opportunities for recreation, green spaces, cycle paths
impacts of industry of physical environment
can have negative visual effect, air and water pollution, degrading soil, waste, transport of raw materials causes pollution
how can industrial development be more sustainable
use technology to reduce harmful emissions, desulphurisation to remove harmful gases from power station chimneys, conserve natural ecosystems, monitor and regulate industrial operations
impact of quarrying in UK
destroys natural habitats, pollutes nearby water courses, scar landscape
companies expected to restore quarry after use with agriculture or housing etc. - torr quarry, somerset , creating wildlife lakes, make landscape look more natural
change in rural landscape in area of pop. growth - south cambridgeshire
increased congestion, young people can’t afford high cost of houses, move away, modern developments of edge of villages leads to breakdown of community spirit, reduction in agricultural employment, highest fuel prices (high demand)
change in rural landscape in area of pop. decline - outer hebrides
limited opportunities, young people move away, school closures, fewer people of working age, ageing pop (care issues in future), services closing, can’t support tourism
road improvements in UK
lots of jobs created from new road schemes - repair bridges, safety barrie, resurface roads, improve connectivity, increase motorway capacity, improve road design
south west super highway - can become super congested, going to widen road
railway improvements in UK
stimulate economic growth in north
HS2 - connect london to birmingham
new stations built
london’s crossrail from reading and heathrow to shenfield and abbey wood - improve journey time
ports improvements in UK
largest in europe, long coastline, long trading history - felixstowe, southampton, london, grimsby, liverpool2 - new container terminal constructed at liverpool port, created jobs, boost economy
airport developments in UK
new runway at heathrow, increase runway length, new runway at gatwick, create jobs, people concerned about noise
north south divide in UK
cultural and economic divide between north and south of england
decline in industrial sector, increasing service sector, economy of north declined, jobs and opportunities in south grew
strategies from government try to reduce gap, foreign investment in north encouraged, transport links improved
uk’s trade links
with EU, USA, growth with China
uk’s cultural links
tv shows exported - downton abbey, doctor who etc. popular abroad - USA, France, australia
food, fashion, films, music, festivals imported
uk’s transport links
heathrow one of busiest airports in the world, port for tourists
uk’s electronic communication
uk focus for submarine cable for internet traffic
vital part of global economy
uk’s links with EU
small trading group of industrial countries, expanded, uk left,
EU laws, financial support for farmers, lots of immigration to UK
uks’ links with commonwealth
goes back to british empire, now any country can join if they meet specific terms
trading and cultural links, commonwealth games, people moved to uk to work or settle
