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Geography GCSE > Urban Issues & Challenges 🏙 > Flashcards

Urban Issues & Challenges 🏙 Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term urbanisation

A

A rise in the proportion of people living in urban areas

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2
Q

What is meant by sustainability

A

Sustainability is the looking after the needs of today without reducing opportunities for the future

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3
Q

What is a mega city

A

A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people

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4
Q

Describe the location of Lagos

A

Lagos is in the country of Nigeria and is located on the south-west coast in the Gulf of Guinea

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5
Q

How is Lagos internationally important

A

It’s airport is now a hub for 80% of flights to Western Africa

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6
Q

Why is Lagos important on a national scale

A

Represents 80% of the industry in Nigeria

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7
Q

How is migration a cause of growth in Lagos

A

Access to the coast and TRADE - money

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8
Q

How is natural increase a cause of growth in Lagos

A

High fertility rate of 5.65 births per women
There is also access to better healthcare now

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9
Q

What percentage of children in Lagos are in education

A

25%

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10
Q

What percentage of people in Lagos have access to a running water supply

A

10%

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11
Q

What is the problem with electricity in a Lagos

A

It’s not reliable.
9th April 2022 there were reports of Nigeria’s national electricity grid crashing for the 2nd time in a month 

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12
Q

What percentage to people in Lagos have access to mains electricity

A

99.7%

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13
Q

What is Lagos’ GDP

A

$90 billion

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14
Q

What is the definition of a formal economy

A

Employees pay tax to the local or national government and are entitled to some workers rights

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15
Q

What is the definition of an informal economy

A

No tax paid, workers do jobs such a street vending

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16
Q

What percentage of Lagos’ workforce are in the informal sector

A

40% and accounts for 90% of Lagos’ jobs

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17
Q

What are one of the solutions Lagos is beginning to introduce to solve the overcrowding issue

A

Floating communities

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18
Q

What are the benefits of the floating communities in Lagos

A

Increases the amount of people Lagos can house
opportunities for work
cheaper method of building houses
able to adjust to sealevel rise

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19
Q

What percentage of houses in Lagos are connected to sewers

A

17%

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20
Q

How many hospitals does Lagos have and how many people do they have to supply

A

12 to supply a total of 20 million people

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21
Q

Describe the location of Birmingham

A

Located in central England in the midlands and east of the welsh border

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22
Q

What are the reasons for migration to Birmingham

A

1950s- migration for employment opportunities
1990s- migration to flee conflict
Also during the war due to a loss of men, Britain invited men from the commonwealth to rebuild out cities

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23
Q

How many tourists visited Birmingham last year

A

37.2 million which is up 9.4% from the year before

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24
Q

Why is Birmingham important in the Uk

A

2nd largest airport in the uk
Creates jobs
Attracts tourists

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25
Q

What are the possible negative impacts of migration to Birmingham

A

Occasionally tension between different groups of ethnic minorities

26
Q

What are the positive aspects of migration to Birmingham

A

Improves the shopping industry
Opportunities for people to start their own businesses which boosts the economy

27
Q

What are the benefits of cultural mixing in Birmingham

A

Balti triangle attracts many tourists
Fashion & religion leads to a greater variety of cultures and beliefs

28
Q

How does the trams in Birmingham improve the transport system

A

Links the city centre to outlying areas & reduces congestion and traffic in the city centre
Lowers CO2 emissions

29
Q

How does the trains in Birmingham improve the transport system

A

3 major train stations
HS2 is being put in place to connect London to Birmingham
Lowers need for parking

30
Q

How has the pedestrianisation in Birmingham improved the transport system

A

Reduces amount of urban traffic and decreases levels of inner city pollution

31
Q

What is being done to improve urban greening in Birmingham

A

Creating green walls and green roofs
introducing micro scale ecosystems
demolishing unused buildings in converting to open spaces or parks

32
Q

What is social deprivation

A

The degree to which a person or community lacks the things that are essential for a decent life

33
Q

What is the correlation between employment deprivation and ethnic minorities

A

Positive correlation between employment deprivation and the percentage of ethnic minorities in the population

34
Q

Define dereliction

A

The state of having been abandoned and become dilapidated

35
Q

Define greenfield

A

An undeveloped piece of land with proposed first time development

36
Q

Define brownfield

A

A previously developed piece of land now available for redevelopment

37
Q

What is urban sprawl

A

The spread of city buildings and houses into an area that used to be countryside

38
Q

Why may green belts no longer be effective

A

There is a lot of pressure on councils to build houses due to housing shortage and growing population

39
Q

What is a Greenbelt

A

Land where urban development is not allowed to prevent relentless urban sprawl

40
Q

What indicates to someone that a place is a commuter settlement

A

Expensive housing

41
Q

How has Barnt Green grown

A

The village is a project of the 20th century with most houses being built between the 1940s and 70s

42
Q

What are the services that makes Barnt green a good commuter settlement

A

The railway station is on a cross-city line and the Birmingham to Worcester via Bromsgrove line.
Also close to junctions of the M5 and M42

43
Q

What are the Environmental impacts of urban sprawl

A

Divides habitats of many animals
Adds pollution as commuters have further to travel
Road congestion

44
Q

Social impacts of urban sprawl

A

Increased lack of affordable housing causes divide in classes and often segregation in race religion and wealth

45
Q

Why was the redevelopment of the Grand Central needed

A

Needed a new ‘iconic railway station’
Dated and very energy intensive system of ventilation
Station being saturated and overcrowded

46
Q

What were the main features of the grand central project

A

New 450,000 square-foot grand central shopping hub
many low or zero carbon solutions e.g. lifts& escalators, responsibly and legally sourced materials, and recycled materials where possible

47
Q

How much did the grand central redevelopment cost and how long did it take

A

£750 million and took 5 years

48
Q

What is the urban ecological footprint

A

The amount of land needed to sustain the cities population AND absorb its waste 

49
Q

What are the 3 features for sustainable living

A

Waste recycling
water and energy conservation
green space creation 

50
Q

Describe the location of Curitiba

A

A city in south-eastern Brazil

51
Q

What is Curitiba known as

A

The ‘city of dreams’ and it’s called ‘a leading example for a stainable future’

52
Q

What transport solutions have Curitiba invested in

A

BRT system (bus rapid transport) pedestrianisation
the road system ( 1 leading in, 1 leading out, 1 central lane for buses)

53
Q

How have Curitiba invested in waste management

A

‘Equation for co-responsibility’
If slums are kept clean they will earn food
They are also given money for collecting recyclables

54
Q

How have Curitiba invested in open spaces

A

Extensive network of parks provides area for leisure and is all natural 

55
Q

How have Curitiba invested in education and industry

A

Residents of slums are being moved to an area with housing, electricity and roads
Residents are also being trained in trades and make up a large part of the workforce

56
Q

What percentage of Curitibans say they are happy with the quality of life in Curitiba

A

99%

57
Q

How many people are the BRT systems transporting every day in Curitiba

A

2 million

58
Q

During peak hours how often do buses arrive in Curitiba

A

Every 60 seconds

59
Q

How many square metres of Park are there in Curitiba

A

1.4 million ( 4 times the recommended space of urban greenery for a city)

60
Q

Why could the Curitiba model not be applied to every city

A

Our cities are already so built-up and densely populated that many areas would have to be demolished in order to open up spaces for urban greening and transport systems 

Geography GCSE (10 decks)

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